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患儿反复肝功能异常,你考虑到这个病因了吗?

2018-08-22 蜡笔小新 医学界儿科频道

小广8岁,偶然体检发现肝酶升高,ALT126U/L,AST113U/L,其他脏器生化大体正常。找当地儿科医生解读,开了点护肝药,定期复查,转氨酶可以稍下降,但容易反复。

小广8岁,偶然体检发现肝酶升高,ALT126U/L,AST113U/L,其他脏器生化大体正常。找当地儿科医生解读,开了点护肝药,定期复查,转氨酶可以稍下降,但容易反复。

持续了1年多,小广的母亲觉得不放心,带孩子到省城医院想检查个究竟,肝炎病毒、CMV、EB、肠道寄生虫、自身免疫性肝炎、肝胆B超……

一系列检查都没有发现问题,医生甚至还怀疑环境污染物中毒,最后还是一无所获。


图一:小广多次检查肝功能提示肝酶升高(最右边为正常参考值)

出院后,小广继续吃护肝药,肝酶控制在比正常值稍高的水平,但一直难以下降至正常。如此反复,又过了2年多,父母发现原本学习成绩名列前茅的小广,成绩却越来越差。据老师反映,小广在学校学习很努力,但成绩却不理想。

这一次,小广的父母决定带着小广来广州某医院就诊,医生给小广做了头颅MR提示双侧基底节区异常高信号。医生进一步给小广做了铜蓝蛋白,发现铜蓝蛋白远低于正常水平。


图二:铜蓝蛋白远低于正常水平(最右边为正常参考值)

反复肝功能异常,基底节病变,铜蓝蛋白低下,医生想到了一种儿童罕见的遗传代谢性疾病——肝豆状核变性。后来,进一步检查发现小广24小时尿铜远超正常水平,基因检查也证实了小广的ATP7B基因存在复合杂合突变,确诊为肝豆状核变性。


图三:肝豆状核变性,铜代谢障碍,多余的铜可沉积于肝、脑、眼、骨、心和肾等器官,表现出相应的症状和体征。

小广的父母一听是遗传病,以为无药可救,瞬间眼泪哗哗流下。医生赶紧安慰说,这个病虽然是遗传病,但是目前的治疗效果还不错。通过饮食治疗及药物治疗,可以取得较好的疗效。

我们知道,铜是人体所必需的微量元素,也是体内许多生化代谢关键酶的辅助因子。人从食物中摄取铜,经过肝脏代谢,最后经胆汁排泄。铜很重要,但也不是越多越好。正所谓过犹不及,铜摄入和排除要取得一个动态平衡,才能充分为机体所利用而又不造成伤害。而肝豆状核变性的患者,由于转运铜离子的ATP7B基因突变,导致铜蓝蛋白和铜氧化酶活性降低,铜从胆汁排泄锐减,最终导致铜在体内蓄积。

多余的铜,蓄积在体内就会造成伤害。蓄积在肝脏的铜,会导致肝细胞破坏,表现为肝功能异常,如肝酶升高;蓄积在大脑神经节的豆状核和尾状核,导致相应区域功能异常;正是由于最经常的累及器官为肝脏和豆状核,所以叫做肝豆状核变性。

但是值得一提的是,肝豆状核变性并不止累及肝和大脑的豆状核,事实上可蓄积于机体的多个组织和器官。蓄积于肾脏,可出现血尿、蛋白尿;蓄积在外周血的红细胞,可造成红细胞破坏,而出现溶血和浓茶尿;蓄积在眼睛的角膜,可导致铜颗粒沉积呈环状,称K-F环。


图四:肝豆状核变性眼睛的K-F环

临床上,肝豆状核变性可表现为急性溶血性贫血、黄疸而第一次就诊;也可表现为急性肝功能衰竭而就诊;甚至有极少病例表现为肾病综合征而就诊。

曾有一个特殊的病例:

一个学龄儿童,出现大量蛋白尿、低蛋白血症、水肿、高血压,医生诊断为肾病综合征。

肾病综合征在临床常见,诊断也不难。但我们知道,凡是叫综合征的,多数情况下很难找到病因,肾病综合征也不例外。除了少数肾病综合征能找明确的病因之外,绝大多数肾病综合征病因不明。

不同的是,这个患儿起病的时候有感染症状,出现肝功能异常,予护肝治疗肝酶能下降,但肾病综合征始终控制不理想。

直到有一天,这个小朋友突然出现肝功能衰竭、严重溶血,后来确诊为肝豆状核变性。肝豆状核变性极少以肾病综合征起病,该病例是特例,但也正是这种特例,才要引起我们的警醒,否则极易漏诊。

后来,医生回顾这个病例的诊疗经过,发现患儿初次诊断肾病综合征的时候,曾查铜蓝蛋白降低。

那么,这么明显的铜蓝蛋白降低,为什么没有引起医生的重视呢?

原来,许多肾病综合征患儿都有不同程度铜蓝蛋白降低,这是因为肾病综合征患者肾小球滤过膜功能障碍,导致蛋白从尿液流失,从而导致低蛋白血症、水肿、高血压、高血脂等一系列改变。铜蓝蛋白同样可以通过滤过膜而排出体外,导致血清铜蓝蛋白降低。肾病综合征引起的铜蓝蛋白降低与肝豆状核变性引起的铜蓝蛋白降低程度不一样,后者较为显著(笔者临床体会,没有循证证据,仅供参考)。

这提醒我们,对于学龄期儿童(肝豆发病年龄7~12岁最多见),临床上遇到不明原因的肝功能异常、肝衰竭、溶血性贫血、浓茶尿、蛋白尿等,伴或不伴有神经系统症状,要记得排除肝豆状核变性的可能。

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    2018-08-27 huangshang9812

    哈哈哈,学习了

    0

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    2018-08-23 Kirkland Hwang

    辅助性肝移植(?˙ー˙?)

    0

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