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Adv Nutr:高蛋白饮食对体重和骨代谢的影响

2015-05-26 沐晴 MedSci原创

长期高蛋白饮食会出现各种代谢和临床问题,比如骨质疏松、肾功能不全等。然而,虽然多数人都接受高蛋白饮食对于存在肾功能不全者有害这一观点,但是很少有证据证明,高蛋白饮食对健康个体的危害。研究认为,高蛋白膳食与高碳水化合物、高脂饮食相比,更易引起饱腹感,且高蛋白饮食可通过多条代谢途径调节饱腹感。蛋白质的摄入可以诱发很多复杂的信号通路,伴随有胃肠道肽类激素的释放、血中氨基酸升高及其派生代谢产物入血等。蛋白

长期高蛋白饮食会出现各种代谢和临床问题,比如骨质疏松、肾功能不全等。然而,虽然多数人都接受高蛋白饮食对于存在肾功能不全者有害这一观点,但是很少有证据证明,高蛋白饮食对健康个体的危害。研究认为,高蛋白膳食与高碳水化合物、高脂饮食相比,更易引起饱腹感,且高蛋白饮食可通过多条代谢途径调节饱腹感。蛋白质的摄入可以诱发很多复杂的信号通路,伴随有胃肠道肽类激素的释放、血中氨基酸升高及其派生代谢产物入血等。蛋白质也可以刺激那些维持代谢稳态的代谢激素传递能量信息给大脑。多项研究认为,长期的高蛋白饮食似乎可以减少摄食,降低体重,缩小脂肪组织。

一、饮食蛋白质产生饱腹感的生理机制

1、增加饱腹感的几种肠道激素

最常见的诱发饱腹感的胃肠道激素是:①十二指肠分泌的CCK:当一定量的食物进入胃肠道后,引起CCK的释放,可刺激抑制胃排空的迷走神经感觉纤维,将信息传达到孤束核,通过中枢作用抑制摄食和胃排空;②远端肠道L细胞分泌的PYY:研究发现,肥胖患者缺乏PYY。目前,推定PYY是通过迷走神经传入束作用于下丘脑的孤束核;③回肠L细胞分泌的GLP-1:GLP-1可以延迟胃排空,增强葡萄糖诱导的胰岛素的合成和分泌,抑制胰高血糖素的分泌。荟萃分析结果显示,GLP-1可以显著减少小鼠的自由摄食活动。

2、大脑奖赏系统:除了刺激饱食中枢如孤束核和弓状核外,蛋白质还可以减少大脑的奖赏机制。中脑边缘的奖励机制可以产生愉悦感,促进摄食,但是这个区域的失活,可以减少饥饿感。大脑奖励系统除了受食物的性状影响外,还受能量和蛋白质摄入量的影响。

二、高蛋白饮食和体重管理

高蛋白饮食可以减少饱腹感,降低体重,降低心血管疾病的风险因素,改善机体组成成分。荟萃分析结果显示,不同比例的蛋白质饮食对体重的影响不同。更多的降体重效应归因于蛋白质诱发的饱腹感和碳水化合物的摄入减少。一项纳入19名受试者的研究发现,自由摄食12周后,高蛋白饮食组更容易产生饱腹感,能量摄入更少。这些研究结果表明,在恒定量的碳水化合物饮食中,增加蛋白质摄入比例从15%到30%,可能通过中枢神经系统,减少自由时段的能量摄入,进一步降低体重。

三、高蛋白质饮食和骨代谢

随着年龄增长,骨密度降低会引起骨质疏松症。目前1/4的70岁以上女性至少发生过一次骨折。因为老年人蛋白质利用率低,所以老年人饮食中蛋白质摄入设定为>0.8 g/(kg / d)。而年龄相关的骨量减少是进展性的。高蛋白饮食通过作用于钙吸收、骨转换和胰岛素生长因子-1的生成,对钙和骨代谢有积极的影响。研究认为,高蛋白饮食可以增加小肠对钙的吸收,钙吸收量与甲状旁腺素的释放成负相关,而甲状旁腺素本身是抑制骨吸收的。另一种解释是,高蛋白饮食促进胃酸分泌,胃酸促进钙离子化,进一步促进钙吸收。

高蛋白饮食对骨代谢的影响仍然存在争议。一种观点认为,高蛋白饮食促进钙吸收和骨骼健康;另一观点认为,高蛋白饮食产生更多尿酸类的酸性产物,肾脏不能完全中和这些酸性产物,需要骨骼来缓冲。

四、高蛋白饮食与肾脏问题


普遍认为,高蛋白饮食时,肾脏GFR会升高。长期的GFR升高会使肾脏受损。而且,对于存在长期肾功能不全者来说,高蛋白饮食是有害的。但是,关于高蛋白饮食是否对健康然肾脏有影响的证据很少。国家肾脏协会推荐未接受透析治疗的肾功能不全者,蛋白质摄入要低于普通人群的蛋白质摄入量。其次,高蛋白饮食会增加肾结石的发生风险,一项大型前瞻性研究表明,高蛋白饮食和肾结石发生率显著相关。

原始出处:


Cuenca-Sánchez M,Navas-Carrillo D,Orenes-Piñero E.Controversies
Surrounding High-Protein Diet Intake: Satiating Effect and Kidney and Bone
Health
.Adv Nutr2015 May;6(3):260-266


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    2015-06-25 nizongzan

    研究好多

    0

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    2015-06-09 ljjj1053

    认真学习了

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2010266, encodeId=9a462010266a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5ccc102649d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高蛋白饮食#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102649, encryptionId=5ccc102649d3, topicName=高蛋白饮食)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d39f177, createdName=lixiao3326, createdTime=Wed Feb 17 14:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28823, encodeId=46d128823da, content=研究好多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=145, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ded71629504, createdName=nizongzan, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 09:44:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=26612, encodeId=f54e2661217, content=认真学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=ac181616815, createdName=ljjj1053, createdTime=Tue Jun 09 17:51:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25682, encodeId=6b6925682e1, content=还不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=, createdTime=Mon Jun 01 07:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25627, encodeId=e4392562e15, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=175, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Sun May 31 21:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25307, encodeId=e7f72530e53, content=有意思,确实值得思考, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1839109465, createdName=hlnlily, createdTime=Fri May 29 17:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25299, encodeId=823e2529912, content=有意义, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=MedSci客户端网友, createdTime=Fri May 29 15:13:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1422467, encodeId=b179142246e0d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ded51015e6b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨代谢#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101576, encryptionId=ded51015e6b3, topicName=骨代谢)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cbaa3702209, createdName=pandamao2011, createdTime=Thu May 28 12:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1629983, encodeId=b63f162998328, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=019910264461' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高蛋白#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102644, encryptionId=019910264461, topicName=高蛋白)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=defd21414234, createdName=海豹, createdTime=Thu May 28 12:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-01 匿名用户

    还不错

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2010266, encodeId=9a462010266a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5ccc102649d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高蛋白饮食#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102649, encryptionId=5ccc102649d3, topicName=高蛋白饮食)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d39f177, createdName=lixiao3326, createdTime=Wed Feb 17 14:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28823, encodeId=46d128823da, content=研究好多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=145, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ded71629504, createdName=nizongzan, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 09:44:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=26612, encodeId=f54e2661217, content=认真学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=ac181616815, createdName=ljjj1053, createdTime=Tue Jun 09 17:51:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25682, encodeId=6b6925682e1, content=还不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=, createdTime=Mon Jun 01 07:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25627, encodeId=e4392562e15, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=175, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Sun May 31 21:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25307, encodeId=e7f72530e53, content=有意思,确实值得思考, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1839109465, createdName=hlnlily, createdTime=Fri May 29 17:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25299, encodeId=823e2529912, content=有意义, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=MedSci客户端网友, createdTime=Fri May 29 15:13:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1422467, encodeId=b179142246e0d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ded51015e6b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨代谢#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101576, encryptionId=ded51015e6b3, topicName=骨代谢)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cbaa3702209, createdName=pandamao2011, createdTime=Thu May 28 12:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1629983, encodeId=b63f162998328, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=019910264461' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高蛋白#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102644, encryptionId=019910264461, topicName=高蛋白)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=defd21414234, createdName=海豹, createdTime=Thu May 28 12:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-05-31 huaxipanxing

    看看

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2010266, encodeId=9a462010266a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5ccc102649d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高蛋白饮食#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102649, encryptionId=5ccc102649d3, topicName=高蛋白饮食)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d39f177, createdName=lixiao3326, createdTime=Wed Feb 17 14:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28823, encodeId=46d128823da, content=研究好多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=145, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ded71629504, createdName=nizongzan, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 09:44:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=26612, encodeId=f54e2661217, content=认真学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=ac181616815, createdName=ljjj1053, createdTime=Tue Jun 09 17:51:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25682, encodeId=6b6925682e1, content=还不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=, createdTime=Mon Jun 01 07:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25627, encodeId=e4392562e15, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=175, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Sun May 31 21:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25307, encodeId=e7f72530e53, content=有意思,确实值得思考, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1839109465, createdName=hlnlily, createdTime=Fri May 29 17:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25299, encodeId=823e2529912, content=有意义, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=MedSci客户端网友, createdTime=Fri May 29 15:13:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1422467, encodeId=b179142246e0d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ded51015e6b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨代谢#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101576, encryptionId=ded51015e6b3, topicName=骨代谢)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cbaa3702209, createdName=pandamao2011, createdTime=Thu May 28 12:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1629983, encodeId=b63f162998328, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=019910264461' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高蛋白#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102644, encryptionId=019910264461, topicName=高蛋白)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=defd21414234, createdName=海豹, createdTime=Thu May 28 12:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-05-29 hlnlily

    有意思,确实值得思考

    0

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    2015-05-29 MedSci客户端网友

    有意义

    0

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    2015-05-28 海豹

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