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PierreRobin序列征患儿行下颌骨牵引成骨术困难气道处理一例

2020-08-14 王建设,刘娇,赵龙德 临床麻醉学杂志

患儿,女,2岁4个月,10kg,因“发现腭部裂开2年余”入院。既往出生后因下颌后缩,上腭部裂开伴呼吸困难,喝奶呛咳,诊断为“Pierre Robin序列征(Pier

患儿,女,2岁4个月,10kg,因“发现腭部裂开2年余”入院。既往出生后因下颌后缩,上腭部裂开伴呼吸困难,喝奶呛咳,诊断为“Pierre Robin序列征(Pierre Robin sequence,PRS),腭裂”,于出生后3个月行“双侧下颌延长器植入术(又称下颌骨牵引成骨术)”。患儿术后恢复一般,6个月时行“双侧下颌延长器取出术”。患儿生长发育较同龄儿童落后。

入院诊断:腭裂,PRS术后。拟于全身麻醉下行腭裂修补术。术前1d访视时患儿外出玩耍未见,家长诉患儿睡觉喜欢侧卧位,有轻微鼾声,饮食一般,胸部X线片未见明显异常,实验室检查未见明显异常。次日患儿进入手术室时发现双侧下颌仍然后缩明显,下颌陈旧性疤痕,张口度小,仅有1.5 cm左右,龋齿,有部分牙齿脱落,右下颌中切牙有松动,发音不清。

患儿入室后静脉注射舒芬太尼2μg和丙泊酚30mg,面罩通气胸廓起伏良好,经口置入可视喉镜2次均失败。加深麻醉,吸入七氟醚并静脉注射琥珀胆碱15mg,可视喉镜勉强进入口腔,调整喉镜位置但会厌仍无法显示,行经喉罩可视插管软镜引导下气管插管。待患儿自主呼吸恢复良好后,复合丙泊酚和七氟醚加深麻醉,先插入排空罩内气体2.0#单管喉罩,辅助通气良好,经喉罩插入2.8mm可视插管软镜,声门清晰可见。退出可视插管软镜,将经过润滑的4.5#无囊导管套在可视插管软镜上插入喉罩内,并在软镜引导下将导管送入主气管内,辅助通气胸廓起伏良好,双肺听诊呼吸音对称,呼气末二氧化碳波形良好,此过程中患儿HR110~145次/分,BP92~103/48~56mmHg,SpO2 90%~100%。后逐渐分3次剪断喉罩并分次取出,调整导管深度,再次听诊两肺通气良好后妥善固定导管。

术中丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼微泵维持麻醉,手术时长1h,术中生命体征平稳,PETCO242~48mmHg,未输血,术毕行动脉血气分析示pH7.307,PCO2 47.6mmHg,PO2 188.8mmHg,BE-3.1mmol/L,Hb104g/L,Na+137.5mmol/L,K+3.78mmol/L,Ca2+1.22mmol/L,Cl-106mmol/L,AnGap11.9mmol/L。术后带管送ICU,术后48h拔管,拔管后次日出ICU,随访未见异常,5d后康复出院。

讨论

PRS主要表现为下颌骨发育不全后缩、舌后坠及气道梗阻等,58%~90%的患儿伴有腭裂或高腭弓,同时可合并有心脏、眼睛及耳朵异常。轻症PRS患儿无临床表现,重者可在出生后就出现不同程度的呼吸及喂养困难、智力障碍、反复发作的肺部感染、窒息等,如不及时治疗可致新生儿期死亡。PRS相应治疗方法也有多种,包括采用辅助进食工具,保持前倾或俯卧体位,放置口咽或鼻咽通气道,唇舌粘连术,气管切开术以及下颌骨牵引成骨术等。

下颌骨牵引成骨术是在截断下颌骨的情况下,应用一定的器械加速下颌骨的成长,在改善呼吸困难、喂养困难的情况下,同时改善了小下颌畸形。但是该方法应用于新生儿也存在一定的损伤和潜在的危险,常见并发症包括:切口感染、面部蜂窝组织炎、感觉异常、外固定装置引起的面部瘢痕等;相对罕见的并发症包括:颞下颌关节僵硬、青枝骨折、骨髓炎、牙胚受损、过早愈合、畸形愈合、固定装置移动、装置故障、面神经麻痹、颊部脓肿、咬合紊乱等。

本例患儿经过前期两次手术后,呼吸及营养情况较前有所改善,但下颌畸形矫正恢复欠佳,第2次取内固定手术麻醉时,气道处理仍有一定难度,考虑与颞下颌关节炎有关。此次张口度小考虑与颞下颌关节僵硬有关。手术前仅有的胸部X线片检查未提示阳性征象,未见有针对气道特殊情况的其他相关影像学检查,术前访视未见到患儿,不清楚气道情况,这些都给腭裂修补手术麻醉的气道管理带来极大的挑战。

患儿有牙齿松动,张口度小,虽无面罩通气困难,在尝试可视喉镜下气管插管失败后,考虑到可视插管软镜较细,口腔存在分泌物,清晰度差,影响插管成功率,遂改用经喉罩可视插管软镜引导下气管插管。成功插入抽空罩体内气体的2号喉罩,通气良好,经罩体插入润滑的软镜,会厌和声门清晰可见,受限于喉罩、软镜型号和患儿发育影响,仅能放入经过润滑的4.5#无囊气管导管,术中虽然存在一定的漏气,但PETCO2在可接受范围内,血气分析结果也支持这一点。因没有专用退出喉罩装置,决定分段剪断喉罩并分次取出,此过程中注意导管深度和位置,防止滑脱。术后患儿在完全清醒状态下拔除导管,未见有异常。

有研究表明,对PRS患儿施行腭裂修复术后出现气道阻塞的危险性明显高于单纯腭裂,主要原因在于PRS疾病本身气道梗阻发生率高,并强调围术期监测重要性。低龄PRS患儿实施腭裂修复术围术期的风险主要是严重的低氧血症。但就PRS患儿行手术纠正下颌畸形后腭裂手术麻醉手术风险的报道很少。在本例中麻醉科医师主观上认为PRS行下颌骨牵引成骨手术治疗后,下颌畸形会纠正,气道症状会明显好转,也未对既往病史进行查阅,加之患儿年龄相对较大,风险降低,因此忽视了气道情况的全面评估,而且手术科室也未对患儿进行气道方面的影像学检查,给患儿安全带来极大的隐患。因此,PRS患儿在进行手术时,术前要完善头颈部影像学检查,对气道情况作出准确评估,并按照困难气道处理流程准备相关器械和药物。因此,今后应进一步完善PRS患儿术前评估以及更加合理、个体化麻醉方案的制定。

原始出处:

王建设,刘娇,赵龙德,费建.Pierre Robin序列征患儿行下颌骨牵引成骨术困难气道处理一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2019,35(09):933-934.

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    2021-07-14 surilei
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    2021-01-05 xlysu
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    2020-08-26 14818eb4m67暂无昵称

    👍

    0

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    2020-08-16 zhaojie88
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1703600, encodeId=c2e01e0360025, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0d2869594b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ERR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6959, encryptionId=0d2869594b, topicName=ERR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a72d30527892, createdName=surilei, createdTime=Wed Jul 14 21:01:51 CST 2021, time=2021-07-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1699830, encodeId=aa99169983093, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dd152024130' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#下颌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20241, encryptionId=dd152024130, topicName=下颌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1c4f29973299, createdName=xlysu, createdTime=Tue Jan 05 08:01:51 CST 2021, time=2021-01-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=813301, encodeId=4c3681330172, content=👍, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=134, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=64245268311, createdName=14818eb4m67暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Aug 26 08:25:09 CST 2020, time=2020-08-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1352246, encodeId=d502135224671, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e95954093cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#成骨#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54093, encryptionId=e95954093cd, topicName=成骨)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Sun Aug 16 06:01:51 CST 2020, time=2020-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1395267, encodeId=b663139526ebb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=14b3406149a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#困难气道#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40614, encryptionId=14b3406149a, topicName=困难气道)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=636e2500187, createdName=12498da4m32(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Aug 16 06:01:51 CST 2020, time=2020-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1419664, encodeId=1b311419664b8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e2dc2025888' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#下颌骨#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20258, encryptionId=e2dc2025888, topicName=下颌骨)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d9f63514434, createdName=珙桐, createdTime=Sun Aug 16 06:01:51 CST 2020, time=2020-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=809057, encodeId=64ce80905e02, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200814/81d08245657a4a7f9a1ef713c0ec5878/ec4b201a22194a319b1aeb171bc6bb3d.jpg, createdBy=41e02111625, createdName=1581f8c42cm, createdTime=Sat Aug 15 06:17:47 CST 2020, time=2020-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2020-08-16 珙桐
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    2020-08-15 1581f8c42cm

    0

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