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颠覆! 恶性肿瘤治疗又有新观点

2016-05-27 文汇报首席记者唐闻佳 文汇教育(ID:wenhuieducat

“不要再开刀了,开一个,死一个。”去年起,朱正纲开始去“拦刀”,他在不同的学术场合跟医生们说,不要轻易给晚期胃癌患者开刀。   “我不知道我能拦下多少刀”。坐在办公室,朱正纲教授神色凝重。   他是上海瑞金医院胃肠外科的带头人,也是我国胃癌诊治与研究专家,就是他领衔的“一滴血筛查早期胃癌”正从实验室向市场转化。但近一年半,他的重心摆在胃癌晚期患者身上。 &nbsp

“不要再开刀了,开一个,死一个。”去年起,朱正纲开始去“拦刀”,他在不同的学术场合跟医生们说,不要轻易给晚期胃癌患者开刀。
 
“我不知道我能拦下多少刀”。坐在办公室,朱正纲教授神色凝重。
 
他是上海瑞金医院胃肠外科的带头人,也是我国胃癌诊治与研究专家,就是他领衔的“一滴血筛查早期胃癌”正从实验室向市场转化。但近一年半,他的重心摆在胃癌晚期患者身上。
 
按现在的普遍认识,手术切除是这类患者的最后希望。可朱正纲不这样想,这一年来他到处去“拦刀”。他说开刀没用,还会起反作用。
 
这真是颠覆性的观点。
 
朱正纲顾不上得罪同行,他着急的是明明有更好的治疗方法了,但太多医生不了解或不敢尝试,结果是一些患者牺牲在“未进步”的医生手里。
 
人类对抗肿瘤已逾百年,新英格兰医学杂志曾说,回首过去200年,人类对肿瘤的认识已从盲人摸象跨越到管中窥豹。那么,下一步怎么走?
 
朱正纲医生的鼓与呼,让人意识到一种被忽略的可能性:人类对抗肿瘤百年,比起科技的创新与进步,人的观念进步更重要。

1、这个外科医生四处去“拦刀”

近日,第十一届全国胃癌学术会议在北京举行,朱正纲担任大会共同主席。在这个我国最高级别的胃癌大会上,一系列新数据让他轻松不起来。
 
去年,全球新增100万例胃癌患者,中国占42%。这数字每年这样增加着,构成一个庞大的患病群体。胃癌在我国各类肿瘤的发病率和死亡率都已排名第二。
 
“我们的问题是胃癌早期病例太少,仅占10%,也就是说90%新发现的胃癌都到了中晚期。对比我们的邻居,日本、韩国的早期胃癌发现率达到50%-60%,个别发达城市达到70%。”朱正纲说,胃癌早期发现水平跟经济水平有关,将早期胃癌筛查纳入医保、推广早筛项目、全民健康宣教等都有助于发现早期胃癌。
 
这些年,我国利用早筛项目、内窥镜(包括胃镜)等手段,将我国的胃癌早期发现率从3%拔到了10%,但面对大量晚期患者,这个数字是苍白的。在瑞金医院,早期胃癌发现率已经达到22%,大大超过了“国家水平”,但这仅仅是在一家医院。 
 
因为早期诊断率还不高,大量病人拖到了晚期才被发现。
 
这天上午,朱正纲看门诊,47岁的女病人两年前查出胃癌,晚期,在上海一家知名三甲医院开刀。但现在,肿瘤复发了,且大面积转移。一双儿女焦急地跑来问朱正纲怎么办。朱正纲看着她的手术记录,内心翻江倒海。

癌细胞美得甚至有点像艺术画,但它们也极其狡猾,会“伪装”,也会躲避人类的免疫系统,一代代医生在致力于搞清楚肿瘤到底是如何发生、发展的。
 
“我们对中晚期胃癌的认识已经落后了。”朱正纲记得老师傅培彬、林言箴这代人常说肿瘤能开刀的,肯定首选开刀。这之后,再化疗、放疗。老一辈对这种治疗方法形象比喻说:就是先把大山(肿瘤主体)搬掉,再用化疗、放疗等把周围的小土块清理掉。
 
学术上把这称作“去肿瘤负荷手术”,走到今天,这种治疗观念已深植于全国大小医院,晚期病人跑到医院里,来一个,就开(刀)一个。
 
可怖的是,就跟踪一年看,晚期病人开刀后没多久就复发了,生存期很短。
 
“不要再开刀了,开一个,死一个。”去年起,朱正纲开始去“拦刀”,他在不同的学术场合跟医生们说,不要轻易给晚期胃癌患者开刀。
2、观念创新,靠“种子医生”喊话

朱正纲不是唯一的“拦刀医生”,与他一道奔走的,还有北京协和医院、上海中山医院、上海肿瘤医院、北京肿瘤医院等大医院的一些医生。他们说,希望把整个肿瘤治疗行业的观念转变过来。
 
让这群大多是外科医生的西医反思手上这把刀的,是近两年国外提出的“转化治疗”新概念。
 
这是一项前瞻性研究,它颠覆了传统的肿瘤治疗观念,认为肿瘤治疗应该是在手术前先把病灶控制好,把转移灶缩小甚至消除。就是先“转化”肿瘤,把大肿瘤转成小肿瘤,把晚期肿瘤转化到中期、甚至早期,然后再开刀,达到手术切除甚至根治的结果。
 
“术前新辅助腹腔与全身联合化疗”(简称NIPS治疗)就是基于这个概念的新治疗方法。一年多前,瑞金医院开始探索这种治疗方法,结果令医生们吃惊:原本大面积扩散的肿瘤细胞不见了,腹水不见了,拳头大小的肿瘤缩小到豆粒大小……一批晚期患者在几个疗程的NIPS治疗后,再接受肿瘤手术切除,存活至今。
 
而此前,医生给他们的生存期预判仅仅是3-6个月。
 
“要是去了其他地方治疗,现在怕是已经装进‘小盒子’了。”一个在瑞金医院接受NIPS治疗的胃癌晚期患者感激不已。这个患者治疗至今已一年多。 
 
瑞金医院应用NIPS方法已治疗30多例晚期胃癌病例,手术转化成功率达到70%,其中RO切除(相当于肿瘤彻底切除)达到77.8%。转化治疗后,患者生存期都已达到一年以上,生活质量也都不错。 
 
超过七成的晚期患者治疗后得到肿瘤彻底切除,这个成绩让国际同行都侧目,对这群医生而言跟打了兴奋剂没两样。
 
“原来我们一个都做不到。”朱正纲说,这一年半给他们一个很重要的提示,技术上的创新是重要的,但观念的创新更重要,不然,难的东西永远没人去碰,也就永远难以有突破。
 
这群首先被刷新了观念的医生堪比“种子医生”,他们开始传播新观点。
 
“我们担心全国千千万的基础医院还在实践旧理念,一批批患者白白地牺牲。”
 
“我们不像国外有指南,一旦更新全国通行,我们没有这套体系,大医院一定要站出来喊,告诉大家新的方向。”
 
医生说,我国大小医院林立,要让医生的观念迭代,现下唯靠“种子医生”出来喊话。这样的传播效率有限,随机性也很大,但这是现状。

3、技术进步了,相信能救下更多患者
 
不过,“种子医生”要把新观念传播出去,并不容易。
 
“中国胃癌晚期病人开刀都活不过一年,其中有学术因素,也有非学术因素。学术因素是我们现在的治疗技术、水平还有限。非学术因素有收入分配、医疗服务定价等,比如,开刀对医生来说,收入更高些。”朱正纲谈到。
 
医生应该考虑的是怎么延长患者的生命,如何规避“非学术因素”干扰?在瑞金医院,朱正纲和同事们已在探索多学科联诊模式(MDT),肿瘤内科、病理科、放射科、外科医生坐到一起讨论,为每个病例制定治疗方案,而不是“不由分说地拉去开刀”。
 
“过去我们外科一味追逐开刀,手术难度很大,医生也很累,手术后的效果还不好。现在讲求的是转化,怎么把晚期转化到相对早期,降期对患者来说是天大的好事。”
 
朱正纲现在更愿意称自己是“肿瘤医生”,外科医生更关注开刀漂不漂亮,拿不拿得下,肿瘤医生则更关注患者到底能活多久,活得好不好,这有本质区别。

4、在与肿瘤的过招中,外科已显露出它的极限

为什么晚期胃癌患者在术后活不过一年?朱正纲分析,晚期肿瘤扩散广,转移灶往往开不干净,结果在手术打击之下,肿瘤自带的免疫系统受到刺激,导致它们启动更强烈的反扑,在生物学上就能观察到肿瘤细胞加速增值,临床上就会观察到晚期胃癌患者在手术后很容易复发,且来势汹汹。
 
“转化治疗”这种国际上的最新肿瘤治疗正是试图规避外科的局限。
 
尝到这种治疗的甜头,令朱正纲这样的“种子医生”现在迫切地想做三件事:
 
第一,让社会知道晚期病人不要“病急乱投医”,不要轻易放弃。
 
第二,想对医务人员说,观念要更新。
 
第三,继续坚持基础和临床相结合的研究。 


“我真有点急了,‘转化治疗’可以挽救一大批病人,但这个理念远没普及。”
 
朱正纲算了算,瑞金医院也好、协和医院也罢,一年胃肠外科也就看三五千例病人,对比每年全国新增的42万例胃癌患者,真是大海中的一滴水。

5、“种子医生”正绞尽脑汁想着怎么把声音再放大

朱正纲致力于牵头全国的多中心研究,希望纳入更多病例,进一步复制、推广成功经验,并结合基因测序、关键基因筛查、个性化用药等基础与临床结合的角度做深入探究。
 
这个经验国外学术界也很期待,因为国外晚期病例有限,大部分病人在早期就被发现了。
 
“推广新技术,这对全世界的患者来说,都是最实在、最重要的。”朱正纲说,我们不敢说治愈肿瘤,但肿瘤与人类已经“相伴”千年,“过招”百年,我们正在一点点改变肿瘤患者的命运。

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    2016-09-30 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    拜读,好文

    0

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    2016-05-30 老段

    非手术治疗

    0

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    2016-05-29 shineshinelv

    对于晚期肿瘤如是

    0

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    2016-05-29 自由飞翔(吻)0eca9c83

    这就是所谓的新辅助放化疗吗?

    0

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    2016-05-28 蜗qq牛

    术前降期很重要

    0

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    2016-05-28 WEIXIN885a371e

    早期当然手术,晚期谁说要手术的?这题目哗众取宠的。

    0

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    2016-05-27 medcardio

    晚期肿瘤盲目的手术虽然降低了肿瘤的负荷,但是手术带来免疫的损害及炎症,同样不可忽视,这种获益和风险的比需要考虑,尤其对于晚期肿瘤来说,不应该盲目的进行手术,当然未来如果无创或者低创伤手术,能够降低肿瘤负荷也许是一种选择。

    0

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    2016-05-27 medcardio

    晚期肿瘤盲目的手术虽然降低了肿瘤的负荷,但是手术带来免疫的损害及炎症,同样不可忽视,这种获益和风险的比需要考虑,尤其对于晚期肿瘤来说,不应该盲目的进行手术,当然未来如果无创或者低创伤手术,能够降低肿瘤负荷也许是一种选择。

    0

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    2016-05-27 medcardio

    晚期肿瘤盲目的手术虽然降低了肿瘤的负荷,但是手术带来免疫的损害及炎症,同样不可忽视,这种获益和风险的比需要考虑,尤其对于晚期肿瘤来说,不应该盲目的进行手术,当然未来如果无创或者低创伤手术,能够降低肿瘤负荷也许是一种选择。

    0

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图片来源:medicalxpress.com 在过去几十年里,全世界的科学家们都在对癌细胞的基因组进行全方位解析,试图揭开驱动肿瘤生长的基因密码;随着对成千上万个在肿瘤细胞DNA中积累的基因突变进行精确分析,研究人员如今发现的致癌基因的数量越来越多了;近日科学家们就将研究目光转移到了其它关键问题上,即什么样的生物学过程会引发DNA发生突变? 来自麻省总医院的研究者Gad Getz说道,

盘点:那些和肿瘤耐药性相关的突破性研究

科学发展至今,我们的科学家仍然面临着很多医学难题,比如肿瘤耐药性,癌症转移、艾滋病,自身免疫疾病以及神经变性疾病等,其中肿瘤的耐药领域研究就让科学家们非常头大,当然该领域也是研究者未来要攻克的一个较大的研究课题;随着研究深入,科学家已经从基因水平上对肿瘤的耐药发生、发展及机制进行了大量研究。 而研究者们深信,未来通过很多年的深入探索,他们将会清楚掌握肿瘤耐药性发生的机制,并且开发出多种靶

ASCO 2016:肿瘤原发部位可预测结直肠癌患者生存率

这项研究是迄今为止规模最大的探究大肠癌肿瘤位置的相关性研究,研究人员从通过一项评估两种药物治疗转移性结直肠癌效果的临床试验和回顾性分析中的数据进行了调查。 分析表明,原发肿瘤在左侧结肠(降结肠、乙状结肠、直肠)的患者生存周期较原发肿瘤位于右侧(盲肠和升结肠)的患者长。 旧金山加利福尼亚大学的Alan P. Venook教授指出,尽管既往研究已经显示肿瘤部位可以影响结直肠癌患者的临床表现,但是通过这

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