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Scientific Reports:是什么让零食这么无法抵挡?

2015-05-26 佚名 生物谷

最新一期的《Scientific Reports》上发表的一篇研究亮点文章表明,在对大鼠的研究中,零食中脂肪和碳水化合物的相对水平在促进食欲方面有重要作用,主要是通过影响大脑的奖励机制相关的神经通路和其他通路。但是,还不清楚是否会引起过量的食物摄入。高热量,高脂肪,高碳水化合物的食物可能引起超过正常吃饱肚子需求的食物摄入,这会增加热量的摄入导致体重增加。根据以前给大鼠喂薯片的研究,科学家们认为零食

最新一期的《Scientific Reports》上发表的一篇研究亮点文章表明,在对大鼠的研究中,零食中脂肪和碳水化合物的相对水平在促进食欲方面有重要作用,主要是通过影响大脑的奖励机制相关的神经通路和其他通路。但是,还不清楚是否会引起过量的食物摄入。

高热量,高脂肪,高碳水化合物的食物可能引起超过正常吃饱肚子需求的食物摄入,这会增加热量的摄入导致体重增加。根据以前给大鼠喂薯片的研究,科学家们认为零食这类食物会调节大脑奖赏系统的活动。有一种假说认为,食物中的热量可能是零食好吃和让大脑获得持续的奖励机制的关键因素,这会导致你吃更多的零食。

在这项研究中,总共18只大鼠被给予了标准鼠粮或者含有不同脂肪和碳水化合物含量的食物进行测试。研究显示食物的脂肪和碳水化合物比例最接近薯片时最为大鼠亲睐,虽然效果没有以前观察到的直接喂薯片那么强,但是仍然会影响同奖励机制和成瘾有关的大脑神经区域的活动模式。

由此,作者们认为,摄食行为可能也受到零食中其他成分(而不只是热量)的影响。他们认为,有可能是其他食品添加剂分子可能会引起脑部区域的反应。因此,研究者讨论了食物添加剂的可能影响。例如,他们认为,在薯片中的盐并不是导致这些脑部区域反应的直接原因。

 

本研究的科学家们认为,脂肪和碳水化合物的比例,而不是热量的绝对值,是能够引起大鼠的进食的关键。

原始出处:

Tobias Hoch, Silke Kreitz, Simone Gaffling, Monika Pischetsrieder & Andreas Hess.Fat/carbohydrate ratio but not energy density determines snack food intake and activates brain reward areas.Scientific Reports, May 14, 2015.

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    2015-06-21 Messichen1992

    哈哈哈

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28345, encodeId=432728345ad, content=哈哈哈, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ed101627734, createdName=Messichen1992, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 08:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25959, encodeId=792c25959a3, content=原来如此, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f8011617873, createdName=bucm_ting, createdTime=Thu Jun 04 17:02:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25646, encodeId=76462564677, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Sun May 31 21:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25452, encodeId=24e82545262, content=胖人悲伤, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0d231626576, createdName=jjzouyan, createdTime=Sun May 31 10:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375048, encodeId=8f1613e504813, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Thu May 28 04:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25135, encodeId=098b251354f, content=对~口感这个因素应该纳入分析, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=144, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160515/IMG57380B859AD1F1019.jpg, createdBy=2c5c1621956, createdName=jasonuclear, createdTime=Wed May 27 19:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=24984, encodeId=0e752498464, content=我说我怎么胖呢?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue May 26 19:53:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=24933, encodeId=a60024933be, content=好口感, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=154, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJUNfdk68bHutYruGyxbKDzPWH3agcmId19Yf94FiapyicN0LTg0jykhqIhjPQVdR08FGR399rBpZIg/132, createdBy=feae1624323, createdName=Dr.LV, createdTime=Tue May 26 15:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-04 bucm_ting

    原来如此

    0

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    2015-05-31 huaxipanxing

    看看

    0

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    2015-05-31 jjzouyan

    胖人悲伤

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28345, encodeId=432728345ad, content=哈哈哈, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ed101627734, createdName=Messichen1992, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 08:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25959, encodeId=792c25959a3, content=原来如此, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f8011617873, createdName=bucm_ting, createdTime=Thu Jun 04 17:02:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25646, encodeId=76462564677, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Sun May 31 21:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25452, encodeId=24e82545262, content=胖人悲伤, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0d231626576, createdName=jjzouyan, createdTime=Sun May 31 10:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375048, encodeId=8f1613e504813, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Thu May 28 04:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25135, encodeId=098b251354f, content=对~口感这个因素应该纳入分析, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=144, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160515/IMG57380B859AD1F1019.jpg, createdBy=2c5c1621956, createdName=jasonuclear, createdTime=Wed May 27 19:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=24984, encodeId=0e752498464, content=我说我怎么胖呢?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue May 26 19:53:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=24933, encodeId=a60024933be, content=好口感, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=154, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJUNfdk68bHutYruGyxbKDzPWH3agcmId19Yf94FiapyicN0LTg0jykhqIhjPQVdR08FGR399rBpZIg/132, createdBy=feae1624323, createdName=Dr.LV, createdTime=Tue May 26 15:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-05-28 jichang
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28345, encodeId=432728345ad, content=哈哈哈, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ed101627734, createdName=Messichen1992, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 08:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25959, encodeId=792c25959a3, content=原来如此, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f8011617873, createdName=bucm_ting, createdTime=Thu Jun 04 17:02:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25646, encodeId=76462564677, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Sun May 31 21:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25452, encodeId=24e82545262, content=胖人悲伤, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0d231626576, createdName=jjzouyan, createdTime=Sun May 31 10:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375048, encodeId=8f1613e504813, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Thu May 28 04:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25135, encodeId=098b251354f, content=对~口感这个因素应该纳入分析, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=144, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160515/IMG57380B859AD1F1019.jpg, createdBy=2c5c1621956, createdName=jasonuclear, createdTime=Wed May 27 19:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=24984, encodeId=0e752498464, content=我说我怎么胖呢?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue May 26 19:53:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=24933, encodeId=a60024933be, content=好口感, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=154, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJUNfdk68bHutYruGyxbKDzPWH3agcmId19Yf94FiapyicN0LTg0jykhqIhjPQVdR08FGR399rBpZIg/132, createdBy=feae1624323, createdName=Dr.LV, createdTime=Tue May 26 15:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-05-27 jasonuclear

    对~口感这个因素应该纳入分析

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28345, encodeId=432728345ad, content=哈哈哈, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ed101627734, createdName=Messichen1992, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 08:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25959, encodeId=792c25959a3, content=原来如此, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f8011617873, createdName=bucm_ting, createdTime=Thu Jun 04 17:02:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25646, encodeId=76462564677, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Sun May 31 21:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25452, encodeId=24e82545262, content=胖人悲伤, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0d231626576, createdName=jjzouyan, createdTime=Sun May 31 10:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375048, encodeId=8f1613e504813, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Thu May 28 04:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25135, encodeId=098b251354f, content=对~口感这个因素应该纳入分析, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=144, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160515/IMG57380B859AD1F1019.jpg, createdBy=2c5c1621956, createdName=jasonuclear, createdTime=Wed May 27 19:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=24984, encodeId=0e752498464, content=我说我怎么胖呢?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue May 26 19:53:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=24933, encodeId=a60024933be, content=好口感, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=154, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJUNfdk68bHutYruGyxbKDzPWH3agcmId19Yf94FiapyicN0LTg0jykhqIhjPQVdR08FGR399rBpZIg/132, createdBy=feae1624323, createdName=Dr.LV, createdTime=Tue May 26 15:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-05-26 summer474cn

    我说我怎么胖呢?

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28345, encodeId=432728345ad, content=哈哈哈, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ed101627734, createdName=Messichen1992, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 08:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25959, encodeId=792c25959a3, content=原来如此, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f8011617873, createdName=bucm_ting, createdTime=Thu Jun 04 17:02:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25646, encodeId=76462564677, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Sun May 31 21:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25452, encodeId=24e82545262, content=胖人悲伤, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0d231626576, createdName=jjzouyan, createdTime=Sun May 31 10:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375048, encodeId=8f1613e504813, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Thu May 28 04:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25135, encodeId=098b251354f, content=对~口感这个因素应该纳入分析, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=144, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160515/IMG57380B859AD1F1019.jpg, createdBy=2c5c1621956, createdName=jasonuclear, createdTime=Wed May 27 19:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=24984, encodeId=0e752498464, content=我说我怎么胖呢?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue May 26 19:53:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=24933, encodeId=a60024933be, content=好口感, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=154, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJUNfdk68bHutYruGyxbKDzPWH3agcmId19Yf94FiapyicN0LTg0jykhqIhjPQVdR08FGR399rBpZIg/132, createdBy=feae1624323, createdName=Dr.LV, createdTime=Tue May 26 15:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-05-26 Dr.LV

    好口感

    0

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