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这些感冒的冷知识 你知道几个?

2016-09-26 佚名 生物谷

感冒是我们日常生活中“美丽的意外”!虽然这个病没什么大不了的,但真正感冒的时候却十分难受,那真是“一把鼻涕一把泪”。不仅流涕,打喷嚏,乏力,更有鼻塞到难以入睡的情况。那么除了这些,感冒中还有哪些是我们不知道的呢?下面,生物谷小编将为大家慢慢道来那些不为人知的冷知识。1. 为什么低温容易得感冒?上个世纪六十年代,鼻病毒(rhinoviruses)成功地从病人样本中分离得到,并被证明能够引发人体的

感冒是我们日常生活中“美丽的意外”!虽然这个病没什么大不了的,但真正感冒的时候却十分难受,那真是“一把鼻涕一把泪”。不仅流涕,打喷嚏,乏力,更有鼻塞到难以入睡的情况。那么除了这些,感冒中还有哪些是我们不知道的呢?下面,小编将为大家慢慢道来那些不为人知的冷知识。

1. 为什么低温容易得感冒?



上个世纪六十年代,鼻病毒(rhinoviruses)成功地从病人样本中分离得到,并被证明能够引发人体的上呼吸道感染。此前的研究指出:该病毒的最佳素质温度比人体生理温度略低,大约为33-35°C。这一结果也支持了该病毒仅仅造成鼻腔而非肺部的感染(由于鼻腔的温度低于肺部)。RV的首要感染目标为呼吸道的表皮细胞,与机体的其它部位类似,呼吸道表皮细胞也拥有天然免疫信号系统,它能够感受外界的病毒感染,并通过TLR、RLR等信号感受元件启动天然免疫效应。最近研究表明:在温度较高的条件下,表皮细胞中的天然免疫效应更加的活跃,RLR的激活能够产生大量的I型干扰素,从而抑制病毒的复制。然而,另外一些研究发现:即使缺失I型干扰素等效应基因的情况下,较高的温度也能抑制病毒的复制。这说明在生理温度下机体能够产生另外一种不依赖I型干扰素的抗病毒反应。

来自耶鲁大学的研究者们通过实验发现鼻病毒的复制能力与环境温度之间存在明显的相关性。



首先,作者利用人源器官上皮细胞检测了在RV感染情况下病毒复制能力随温度的变化情况。结果显示:当温度由33°C上升到37°C的时候,病毒的复制能力在早期就受到了明显的抑制。然而,此时细胞中I型干扰素的产生则不会随温度上升有明显变化。这说明病毒感染的早期,温度升高导致的病毒复制能力的下降并不依赖于I型干扰素的作用。此外,作者在人源HELA细胞以及小鼠的上皮细胞中都得到了验证。

为了研究其中的分子机制,作者分别检测了RV的复制能力以及宿主细胞的抗病毒反应。结果显示,在较高温度下,病毒的感染能够诱发宿主细胞的生理变化以及快速的凋亡,而在较低的温度下,被感染的细胞在较长时间内都没有明显的变化。进一步,作者证明了被感染细胞在较高温度下会发生快速的caspase3的激活,并引发细胞凋亡。抗凋亡蛋白BCL2的过表达则能够有效抑制这一过程。

综上,作者证明了普通流感病毒在较低温度下能够获得较强感染能力的内在机制,即较低温度下被感染细胞不容易发生凋亡,从而有助于病毒在宿主细胞内的复制。

事实上,在任何时间段内大约20%的个体机体的鼻腔中都含有鼻病毒。一般来讲,温度越低,机体对病毒的先天性免疫反应性越低;后期研究人员希望通过更为深入的研究揭示温度如何影响免疫反应对其它状况,比如儿童哮喘的反应等,普通感冒对一般人群来讲司空见惯,但感冒可以引发哮喘儿童患严重的呼吸问题,未来研究中研究者或许会揭示机体对鼻病毒诱发的哮喘产生的特异性免疫反应。

2. 为什么感冒来临时总感觉一侧鼻孔被堵住?



也许你不会太在意,但是在你生病时,一边的鼻孔呼吸的强度要明显高于另一边。一天之内,这一现象还会在两侧鼻腔之间相互转换,但这是为什么呢?

实际上,该过程是由“自律神经系统”调控的,该系统同时调控了其它机体功能,比如消化与心率等等。对于鼻子来说,该系统调控了“鼻腔循环”,因此即使在感冒的情况下,每个鼻孔单独的功能都是完全的。

根据美国国家医学图书馆的记录,“鼻腔循环”每天发生好几次,只不过在其中一只鼻子被堵塞的时候这一现象才会引起你的注意。为了开启一侧的鼻孔并关闭另外一侧,机体会自动向鼻子周围进行充血,就像男性勃起时一样。



“血流的升高会引发鼻腔一侧的充血与堵塞,3-6小时之后再换向另外一侧。当人躺下时这一充血过程将更为明显。如果你将脑袋偏向一侧,就能够明显感受到”,Jennifer Shu这样说道。

一直以来,这一循环过程被认为能够帮助嗅觉的实现。有研究指出气流在鼻腔里快速地通过时,夹带的气味能够更好地得到收集。

如果你的鼻腔一侧属于开放状态,而另外一侧紧紧关闭的情况下,将会收集到几乎所有的气味。同时,这种状态下你的另一侧的鼻腔也会同时得到休息。

而当你生病时,这一循环则将会变得难以忍受,这是因为正常情况下应该“关闭”的鼻腔堵塞程度明显升高,从而引起不适。

因此,下次如果你感受到一侧鼻孔不透气时,要明白这是机体为了保证嗅觉质量而产生的一种机制。这样一来也许你就不那么难过了

3. 成年人平均10年患两次流感感冒,这是真的么?



近日,刊登在国际杂志PLoS Biology上的一项研究报告中,来自伦敦大学等处的科学家通过研究表示,30岁以上的成年个体在10年里仅会患2次感冒;感冒样症状的疾病往往是由很多病原体所导致的,从而使我们很难判断个体多久患一次流行性感冒。

文章中,研究者分析了来自中国南方志愿者的血液样本,观察了个体机体中抵御1968年至2009年循环的9种不同流感病毒的抗体水平,结果显示,儿童平均来讲会每隔一年患感冒,而随着个体从童年期向成年期过渡,其感冒(流感病毒感染)的频率会越来越低,当超过30岁时,个体的流感病毒感染将会趋于稳定阶段,即每10年大约患2次感冒。

研究者Adam Kucharski教授说道,在阐明人们患感冒频率的问题上科学界一直存在一些争议,这完全同类似流感的疾病引发的症状截然不同,这些症状有时候可能是通过常见的感冒病毒而引起,比如鼻病毒或者冠状病毒;因此有时有些人或许并不认为他们患上了流感,但是通过对其样本进行检测后便可一清二楚。

对于成年人来讲,流感病毒的感染实际上比他们所认为的频率要低很多,在儿童期及青少年期间,流感病毒的感染非常常见,这就有可能是因为个体同过多的人进行了接触;而流感病毒感染的实际频率往往依赖于流感和疫苗的本底水平而改变。此外为了评估流感感染的频率,研究人员开发了一种数学模型,其可以揭示我们一生中在遇到不同病毒时机体应对流感的免疫力发生着怎样的改变。

机体免疫系统是通过产生抗体来特异性地靶向作用病毒表面的蛋白来对流感病毒产生反应,而病毒表面的蛋白也会随着病毒的进化不断发生着改变,但机体血液中存在着记忆性的抗体,其可以有效杀灭再次入侵机体的流感病毒;这项研究同时也揭示了人们在应对病毒变化时机体的免疫反应,这就可以帮助我们预测未来病毒的改变,同时也可以帮助科学家们揭示机体对历史病毒的免疫力如何影响疫苗的作用,从而为开发有效的疫苗也提供了新的思路。

最后研究者Kucharski说道,这项研究中我们分析了个体在一生中应对流感病毒感染过程中机体免疫力的构建过程,相关研究或可帮助理解人群对流感易感性的机制,也为阐明新型流感毒株如何引发快速感染扩散提供了新的希望。

4. 奥克兰大学的研究显示,食用黄酮类化合物如绿茶、苹果、蓝莓、可可、红酒和洋葱可以显着降低感染感冒和咳嗽的风险。



5月15日在珀斯举办的澳大利亚全国营养师协会研究会议上,研究者们指出:与不吃含类黄酮药物或食物的人相比,吃了类黄酮药物或类黄酮补品的成年人约33%可免受普通感冒(上呼吸道感染- URTI)的感染。



奥克兰大学的营养学研究员Andrea Braakhuis博士称吃类黄酮的人也更少患病。

“这些发现表明,如果你是普通健康者,食用含有类黄酮的大量水果和蔬菜,有助于在冬天避免生病。”Braakhuis博士说。



她认为,大多数成年人每年有两到三次患感冒的几率,儿童甚至会患病五次,症状包括喉咙痛、咳嗽、流鼻涕及头痛。

“如果没有这些讨厌的感冒我们都爱度过冬天。在冬天感冒是看医生的主要原因,然而抗生素对感冒基本不起作用,所以建议类黄酮物质可作为健康饮食的一部分。”Braakhuis博士说道。

Braakhuis博士则认为,营养科学家正在研究更多关于特殊成分的食物,如类黄酮,它被认为具有抗病毒、抗炎和抗氧化性能,所以可以帮助人们减少咳嗽和感冒的发病率,提高免疫功能。



“每天吃五种蔬菜和两个水果,这些水果蔬菜尽可能多的有各种颜色,确保你的餐盘至少有半满的蔬菜,在冬季喝绿茶,偶尔饮用红酒。这样会让你得到充足的类黄酮。”Braakhuis博士说到。

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    2017-02-13 jxrzshh
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topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Sep 26 19:38:10 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135424, encodeId=3315135424ff, content=在有暖气的地方,每年一定会感冒两次?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=38391940693, createdName=C~rose, createdTime=Mon Sep 26 13:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135388, encodeId=c47013538856, content=学习?,分享一下!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, 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    2016-10-27 ylzr123

    如此详细的好文值得拥有,拜读了,受益匪浅,点个赞!继续关注学习探究。

    0

  3. 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topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Sep 26 19:38:10 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135424, encodeId=3315135424ff, content=在有暖气的地方,每年一定会感冒两次?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=38391940693, createdName=C~rose, createdTime=Mon Sep 26 13:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135388, encodeId=c47013538856, content=学习?,分享一下!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, 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    2016-10-13 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章真好,喜欢阅读

    0

  4. 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topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Sep 26 19:38:10 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135424, encodeId=3315135424ff, content=在有暖气的地方,每年一定会感冒两次?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=38391940693, createdName=C~rose, createdTime=Mon Sep 26 13:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135388, encodeId=c47013538856, content=学习?,分享一下!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160817/IMG57B3C3F6DC2FD8753.jpg, createdBy=81321934679, createdName=1e0d99ddm02(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Sep 26 11:42:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-13 jyzxjiangqin

    要学习医学科谱知识。

    0

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topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Sep 26 19:38:10 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135424, encodeId=3315135424ff, content=在有暖气的地方,每年一定会感冒两次?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=38391940693, createdName=C~rose, createdTime=Mon Sep 26 13:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135388, encodeId=c47013538856, content=学习?,分享一下!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160817/IMG57B3C3F6DC2FD8753.jpg, createdBy=81321934679, createdName=1e0d99ddm02(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Sep 26 11:42:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-11 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    好文章,长见识

    0

  6. 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topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Sep 26 19:38:10 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135424, encodeId=3315135424ff, content=在有暖气的地方,每年一定会感冒两次?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=38391940693, createdName=C~rose, createdTime=Mon Sep 26 13:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135388, encodeId=c47013538856, content=学习?,分享一下!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160817/IMG57B3C3F6DC2FD8753.jpg, createdBy=81321934679, createdName=1e0d99ddm02(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Sep 26 11:42:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-05 jyzxjiangqin

    没有人是万事通。

    0

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topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Sep 26 19:38:10 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135424, encodeId=3315135424ff, content=在有暖气的地方,每年一定会感冒两次?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=38391940693, createdName=C~rose, createdTime=Mon Sep 26 13:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135388, encodeId=c47013538856, content=学习?,分享一下!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, 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    2016-09-28 jyzxjiangqin

    有些想不通。

    0

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topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Sep 26 19:38:10 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135424, encodeId=3315135424ff, content=在有暖气的地方,每年一定会感冒两次?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=38391940693, createdName=C~rose, createdTime=Mon Sep 26 13:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135388, encodeId=c47013538856, content=学习?,分享一下!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, 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    2016-09-26 lovetcm

    感谢小编,这么实用的小知识,又扩大了知识面了

    0

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topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Sep 26 19:38:10 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135424, encodeId=3315135424ff, content=在有暖气的地方,每年一定会感冒两次?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=38391940693, createdName=C~rose, createdTime=Mon Sep 26 13:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135388, encodeId=c47013538856, content=学习?,分享一下!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160817/IMG57B3C3F6DC2FD8753.jpg, createdBy=81321934679, createdName=1e0d99ddm02(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Sep 26 11:42:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-26 C~rose

    在有暖气的地方,每年一定会感冒两次?

    0

  10. 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topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Sep 26 19:38:10 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135424, encodeId=3315135424ff, content=在有暖气的地方,每年一定会感冒两次?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=38391940693, createdName=C~rose, createdTime=Mon Sep 26 13:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=135388, encodeId=c47013538856, content=学习?,分享一下!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, 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    2016-09-26 1e0d99ddm02(暂无匿称)

    学习?,分享一下!!

    0

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