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Trends Mol Med:消除神话,关注HIV治疗新方法

2015-04-16 叶予 生物通

几十年来,研究者们一直在尝试控制和根除HIV病毒。HIV发现者之一、著名病毒学家Jay Levy指出,HIV领域存在一些错误的认识,一些值得关注的理念受到了忽视。他在四月十四日的Trends in Molecular Medicine杂志上发表文章,号召HIV研究者们保持怀疑精神,不要漏掉其他有潜力的治疗途径。“这篇文章可能会引发争议,但人们需要了解事情的另一面,”加州大学的Levy说。“我希望H

几十年来,研究者们一直在尝试控制和根除HIV病毒。HIV发现者之一、著名病毒学家Jay Levy指出,HIV领域存在一些错误的认识,一些值得关注的理念受到了忽视。他在四月十四日的Trends in Molecular Medicine杂志上发表文章,号召HIV研究者们保持怀疑精神,不要漏掉其他有潜力的治疗途径。

“这篇文章可能会引发争议,但人们需要了解事情的另一面,”加州大学的Levy说。“我希望HIV研究者们能够停下脚步,关注那些有潜力的研究方向。

Levy在文章提出了值得反思的六大问题,他认为思考这些问题可以帮助人们更好的理解艾滋病,寻找新的治疗策略。

1.HIV感染到底是不是绝症?

人们过去认为,确诊HIV就相当于宣判了死刑。但有证据表明,小部分HIV感染者不接受治疗也不表现出症状,能够正常的生活。这些人的免疫系统能够控制病毒十年以上,甚至超过三十五年。“研究这些抵御了HIV感染的人,可以加深我们对艾滋病预防的理解,这一点很重要,”Levy写到。

2.人体的先天免疫是否与适应性免疫同样重要?

研究者们发现,有些人感染HIV多年也不表现出症状,有些人多次接触HIV也没有被感染。在这些案例中,先天免疫系统(抵御病毒的第一道防线)起到了非常重要的作用。如果先天免疫应答失败,适应性免疫(T细胞和B细胞)就会开始起作用。Levy认为先天免疫系统应该受到更多的关注,尤其是其中的免疫细胞及其分泌的因子。这方面的研究可以帮助研究者们找到更好的办法预防HIV感染和艾滋病。

3.CD8+ T细胞对抗HIV的机制?

免疫系统是一个复杂的细胞群体,能通过多种机制攻击病原体。人们研究HIV已经有三十多年了,但还没有完全了解免疫细胞的应答机制。CD8+ T淋巴细胞一直是HIV研究者们关注的焦点,这些细胞能够杀死被感染的细胞,对HIV病毒进行控制。Levy在文章中探讨了CD8+ T细胞控制HIV的另一种机制:它们分泌的因子能在不杀死细胞的情况下抑制病毒,允许被感染细胞继续发挥功能。在这种情况下,病毒不能生产,细胞也不会死亡。这种免疫应答适用于所有类型的HIV,人们可以在此基础上增强免疫系统的抗病毒应答和开发相应的疫苗。CD8+ T细胞的两种活性都需要得到重视。

4.什么时候应该进行抗逆转录病毒治疗?

不可否认,抗逆转录病毒药物取得了很大的成功,降低了病毒载量、减少了病毒传播、提高了HIV患者的生活质量。现在医生们往往一诊断出艾滋病就开这些药物。但Levy提出了自己的质疑:在患者没有出现症状时,是否值得让其承受长期服药带来的副作用(包括肾脏和肝脏损伤)。“终生使用ART相当于一直接受化疗,”他在文章中写到。最近在艾滋病防治中还出现了用治疗来预防(treatment as prevention)的趋势,卫生机构将抗逆转录病毒药物发给HIV阴性的高危人群,以降低他们被病毒感染的几率。Levy对此感到忧虑,抗逆转录病毒药物还是一种新治疗策略,目前还不清楚如果个体因为副作用(恶心或疲劳)中断用药会不会影响其效果。此外,这样使用药物可能会促使病毒产生耐药性。人们应当充分考虑到这种药物的毒性,以及病毒出现抗性的风险。“只注重眼前利益会让人误入歧途,”他说。

5.HIV疫苗应当考虑什么策略?

Levy还指出,目前HIV疫苗的临床试验存在一个很大的问题。这些试验大多是在寻找更好的中和性抗体,即使获得成功也是很有限的。开发其他疫苗策略其实更有前景,比如说强化免疫系统的抗病毒应答,尤其是先天免疫系统。此外,研究经常接触HIV但却没有感染的个体,或者用灭活病毒制作疫苗都是很有价值的。

6.治愈HIV应该走什么途径?

“柏林病人”因为移植了可以抵抗HIV的干细胞,实现了HIV治愈。这样的案例激励了许多研究者向这一目标努力,但人们选择的有些方向还缺乏坚实的实验基础,Levy说。要想清除已经整合到细胞基因组的病毒,就需要更好的认识其中的挑战。Levy看好的是,通过基因编辑模拟“柏林病人”接受的治疗。他还相信,增强免疫系统的抗HIV应答,是通向成功的捷径。“这样可以实现持久的HIV控制,就像那些长期不发病的感染者一样。这种策略可以避免病毒复制及其有害影响,最终实现HIV的‘功能性治愈’。”Levy还在文章中指出,“研究者们需要认真审视研究得出的结果,思考自己的观察是不是真正的答案,以免忽视或者遗漏了更有价值的东西。”

原始出处:

Jay A. Levy.Dispelling myths and focusing on notable concepts in HIV pathogenesis.Trends in Molecular Medicine, April 13, 2015.doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2015.03.004

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    2015-05-18 freve
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