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NEJM:短暂性产前巴特综合征可能与一种新的基因突变有关

2016-04-29 MedSci MedSci原创

一名女性孕育了三名男性后代,怀孕期间出现羊水过多胎儿早产。其中一名胎儿死亡,另外两名胎儿出现了短暂性的大量脱水失盐和多尿,提示或为产前巴特综合征

一名女性孕育了三名男性后代,怀孕期间出现羊水过多胎儿早产。其中一名胎儿死亡,另外两名胎儿出现了短暂性的大量脱水失盐和多尿,提示或为产前巴特综合征。 

为了揭开该疾病的分子病因,研究人员从该家庭的两名成员提取了DNA进行全基因组测序,研究人员还对该家庭的其余成员以及其他六个男性胎儿也出现了产前巴特综合征的家庭进行了靶基因分析。此外,研究人员还评估了一系列出现特发性羊水过多的孕育男性胎儿的女性。使用免疫组化分析,进行敲除和过表达实验以及蛋白质相互作用研究。

结果发现,13名出现短暂性产前巴特综合征的婴儿均出现了MAGED2突变。Maged2位于X染色体上,编码肿瘤相关抗原D2(mage-d2)。在两个出现特发性羊水过多的家庭中,研究人员还确定了两个不同的MAGED2突变。四名胎儿围产期死亡,最后存活11名。这些胎儿最初的表现较已知类型的产前巴特综合征严重,如较早出现羊水过多和早产。对存货的婴儿的随访期间发现这些症状均自发消失。结果表明MAGED2可影响氯化钠转运体NKCC2和NCC的表达和功能,其机制或是通过影响腺苷酸环化酶和cAMP信号通路和胞浆内的热休克蛋白。

总而言之,该研究发现MAGED2突变可引起X染色体相关的羊水过多及早产,还可出现严重但是短暂的产前巴特综合征的症状。MAGED2对于胎儿肾脏再吸收钠盐,保持羊水平衡并维持妊娠来说是必不可少的。

小知识:巴特综合征

1962年,Bartter首先描述本综合征,故而得名。其临床特点为:尿钾增多、血钾降低、代谢性碱中毒、血浆肾素活性和醛固酮增高但无高血压,肾小球球旁细胞增生。男女均可患病,从胎儿时期到成年均可发病。先天性者以幼少儿多见,后天性者多为中年以上的成人。无性别、种族显著差异。

在先天性巴特综合征就有如下几种变异型。

1.经典型巴特综合征此型病因是由于Henle襻的氯通道KB(chloridechannelKB,CLCNKB)基因突变有关,目前,已报道有20多种突变。除Batter综合征外,还有先天性肌强直症(congenitalmyotonicsyndrome)和Dent病也有CLCNKB突变。氯通道参与细胞容量和细胞内pH的调节,在哺乳类动物中有9种类型,各类型的结构、功能和组织分布不同,有10~12个穿膜区及2个C末端。

氯通道有因突变而致功能失活,肾小管重吸收氯减少,因此,分流到远端肾单位的尿流量增加,尿排钾增多而导致丢钾。低钾血症使肾脏释放前列腺素增多,刺激肾素和醛固酮释放,醛固酮释放增多,加重了尿钾丢失,从而引起低钾血症和碱血症。前列腺素还可激活激肽释放酶-激肽系统,使血管扩张,因此患者虽有血浆醛固酮中水平增高,但无高血压。前列腺素增多可能为继发性病理生理现象而不是病因。

2.Gitelman综合征是巴特综合征的一种变异型,又称伴低尿钙、低血镁巴特综合征。其病因是由于远曲小管细胞中的噻嗪类敏感性氯化钠协同转运蛋白(NaClcotrans-porter)基因(TSC)发生突变所致。噻嗪类利尿药通过关闭此通道而使Na+,Cl-及水排出增多,故有降压作用。突变有点突变、插入和缺失。已鉴定出来的突变有Arg642Cys,Leu623Pro,Val578Met加26P缺失,Thr180Lys,Ala569Glu,Leu849His,Gly439Set,Gly731Arg,Gly741Arg,Thr304Pro及2745插入AGGA。如Na+、Cl-及水排出增多,使血容量缩减,血钠降低,二者均刺激肾素-醛固酮系统,使醛固酮增多而导致钠重吸收增加和尿钾排泄增多而引起低钾血症和碱血症。低血钾使肾脏前列腺素分泌增加,故无血压升高。

3.产前型巴特综合征在宫内即发病,其病因为编码Na-K-2Cl(NKCC2)或内向性钾通道调控蛋白(inwardlypotassiumchannel,ROMK)的基因有突变而使这两种蛋白失活。

ROMK(renaloutermodulatingpotassiumchannel)由一组蛋白组成,其中内向性钾通道控蛋白(KIR1.1亚型)的主要功能是促进肾小管K+的分泌,调节NaCl的重吸收。细胞内pH为中性时,KIR1.1开放,如KIR1.1发生突变即可引起产前型巴特综合征。到1998年止,已鉴定14种突变。Na-K-2Cl通道蛋白有障碍,肾小管重吸收:Na+、K+、Cl-均减少,可导致血清Na+、K+和氯化物均降低,使尿量增加,肾素-醛固酮系统被激活,肾小管重吸收钠增加,尿排钾也增加,从而引起碱血症和低钾血症;前列腺素释放增多,故无血压升高。内向性钾通道调控蛋白功能丧失,原发缺陷在远曲小管和集合管对钾重吸收发生障碍而引起低钾血症。低钾血症再刺激肾脏释放前到腺素,后者一方面刺激肾素-醛固酮系统;一方面刺激肽释放酶-激肽系统。前者使低钾血症进一步加重和碱血症;后者使血管扩张而不发生高血压。

先天性或后天性巴特综合征病人都可有肾小球旁器中的颗粒细胞增生,可达正常人的10~17倍。胞浆中含有肾素颗粒。在后天性巴特综合征中还有肾脏原发性疾病的病理改变。在病理生理方面主要是血管壁对AT-Ⅱ和醛固酮无反应。

原始出处:

Kamel Laghmani, Bodo B. Beck, et al., Polyhydramnios, Transient Antenatal Bartter’s Syndrome, andMAGED2 Mutations. April 27, 2016DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1507629.

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    2016-05-01 qilu_qi
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    2016-04-30 1de11f7fm56(暂无匿称)

    学习新知识了

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