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eLife:短期压力促进大脑神经干细胞产生更多的神经元机制

2013-05-06 生物无忧 生物无忧

人们总是认为压力是一件不好的事情.在一项新的研究中,来自加州大学伯克利分校的研究人员揭示急性压力(acute stress, 短期的而不是长期的压力)如何准确地让大脑准备着提高性能.这些研究发现表明一定量的压力是有好处的,有助于提高警觉以及改善行为和认知能力.相关研究结果于2013年4月16日发表在eLife期刊上,论文标题为"Acute stress enhances adult rat hip

人们总是认为压力是一件不好的事情.在一项新的研究中,来自加州大学伯克利分校的研究人员揭示急性压力(acute stress, 短期的而不是长期的压力)如何准确地让大脑准备着提高性能.这些研究发现表明一定量的压力是有好处的,有助于提高警觉以及改善行为和认知能力.相关研究结果于2013年4月16日发表在eLife期刊上,论文标题为"Acute stress enhances adult rat hippocampal neurogenesis and activation of newborn neurons via secreted astrocytic FGF2".论文通信作者为综合生物学副教授Daniela Kaufer博士.论文第一作者为Elizabeth Kirby.

星形胶质细胞(粉红色)似乎在对急性压力作出的反应中发挥着关键性作用.压力激素促进星形胶质细胞释放FGF2(绿色),从而导致新的神经元(蓝色)产生.

在这项针对大鼠的研究中,研究人员发现重大但短暂的压力事件导致它们的大脑中的干细胞增殖而产生新的神经元,所形成的神经元在两周后成熟,从而改善它们的精神表现.

美国洛克菲勒大学哈罗德与玛格丽特-米利肯神经内分泌学实验室(Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology at The Rockefeller University)主任Bruce McEwen(未参与这项研究)说,这些研究发现,"总体上会加强这种概念:压力激素有助于动物适应,毕竟记住有压力的事情发生的地方有益于它们在未来处理在同一个地方经历的同样情形."

Kaufer和她的同事们特别对急性压力和长期压力如何影响记忆感兴趣.鉴于大脑中的海马体在记忆形成中发挥着关键性作用,他们着重研究压力对成年大鼠大脑海马体中的神经干细胞的影响.依赖于不同的化学触发因子,神经干细胞能够分化为神经元、星形胶质细胞和大脑中的其他细胞.成年大脑中仅有两个区域产生新的脑细胞,海马体齿状回(dentate gyrus)就是其中之一.齿状回对被称作糖皮质激素的压力激素高度敏感.

之前的大多数研究已证实长期压力提高糖皮质激素的水平,而这会抑制海马体中新的神经元产生,从而损害记忆.此外,长期高水平的压力激素对整个身体都产生影响,如增加慢性肥胖、心脏病和抑郁症的风险.但是科学家们对急性压力的影响了解甚少,而且之前的研究结果也充满争议性.

为了弄清楚这个问题,研究人员让大鼠遭受急性压力(即短期压力),即让它们固定在笼子中几个小时.尽管只是几个小时,但是这会导致这些大鼠的糖皮质激素水平与那些遭受长期压力的大鼠中的一样高.这种急性压力导致它们的海马体中新的脑细胞增殖速度增加一倍,特别是在背侧齿状回中,尤其如此.

与压力相关的糖皮质激素(绿色六角形)促进大脑中的星形胶质神经释放FGF2,而FGF2会触发神经干细胞产生新的神经元.

研究人员发现在经历这种压力事件两周而不是两天后,这些大鼠在记忆上表现得更好.利用特异性的标记技术,他们确定经这种急性压力触发而产生的新的神经元就是两周后参与学习新任务的那些细胞.

Kaufe说,"就生存而言,神经元增殖并不在经历压力时间之后马上就产生益处,这是因为这些神经元需要一段时间才能成熟和具有功能性.但是在急性压力经常发生的自然环境中,它将有助于动物变成更加警觉,更加适合于环境,也更快判断出哪些才是真正的威胁."

研究人员还发现在急性压力后发生的神经元增殖是由星形胶质细胞释放的成纤维细胞生长因子-2(fibroblast growth factor 2, FGF2)触发的.星形胶质细胞之前被认为是一种支持性细胞,但是如今它们似乎在调节神经元中发挥着更加重要的作用.

Kaufer注意到,接触到急性的高强度的压力有时可能是有害的,比如会导致创伤后应激障碍(post-traumatic stress disorder).进一步研究可能有助于鉴定出哪些因子决定着对压力作出的反应是好的还是不好的.

她作出结论,"我对此感到非常乐观.压力能够让人们表现更好,但是问题在于人们如何理解或感知多大的压力和多长的压力."

Acute stress enhances adult rat hippocampal neurogenesis and activation of newborn neurons via secreted astrocytic FGF2

Stress is a potent modulator of the mammalian brain. The highly conserved stress hormone response influences many brain regions, particularly the hippocampus, a region important for memory function. The effect of acute stress on the unique population of adult neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) that resides in the adult hippocampus is unclear. We found that acute stress increased hippocampal cell proliferation and astrocytic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) expression. The effect of acute stress occurred independent of basolateral amygdala neural input and was mimicked by treating isolated NPCs with conditioned media from corticosterone-treated primary astrocytes. Neutralization of FGF2 revealed that astrocyte-secreted FGF2 mediated stress-hormone-induced NPC proliferation. 2 weeks, but not 2 days, after acute stress, rats also showed enhanced fear extinction memory coincident with enhanced activation of newborn neurons. Our findings suggest a beneficial role for brief stress on the hippocampus and improve understanding of the adaptive capacity of the brain.

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    2013-11-19 clmlylxy
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    2013-09-02 膀胱癌
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    2013-09-01 siiner
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