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Immunity:肠道上皮细胞NLRC4蛋白的激活能够对抗沙门氏菌感染

2017-04-17 MedSci MedSci原创

只要有NLRC4蛋白和作为补充的Caspase-8蛋白就依然能够产生炎症并且杀死沙门氏菌的感染。由于所有的NLRC4蛋白的表达都仅在肠道上皮细胞中,而不在人们普遍认为起主要杀菌功能的巨噬细胞里,这项研究证明了仅仅依靠肠道上皮细胞里的NLRC4蛋白和Caspase-8蛋白信号通路的激活,就能有效的抑制肠道沙门氏菌的感染。

我们的肠道系统时刻与自身或者外来的微生物共处。为了保护机体细胞免受外来有害微生物的感染,我们的天然免疫系统发展出各种各样针对细菌不同的有害部位的识别系统,NLRC4蛋白就属于其中的一种。NLRC4蛋白的功能是识别感染细胞的细菌微生物的鞭毛,从而激活一种叫做炎症小体的蛋白复合体,产生细胞激素IL1b和IL18,导致炎症并且杀死入侵的微生物。适当的炎症能够加速机体对有害微生物的清除,但是过度的炎症就会对机体造成损伤,由于基因缺陷导致NLRC4蛋白持续激活的病人被报道有各种各样的过免疫疾病,尤其是肠道疾病。

在最新上线的Immunity杂志中,来自美国加州大学伯克利分校的Isabella Rauch及其同事发现,NLRC4蛋白在肠道上皮细胞的特定表达对于清除肠道内的沙门氏菌感染有重要作用。

研究组首先运用基因调整手段,仅在实验小鼠的肠道上皮细胞中特定表达NLRC4蛋白。然后向这些实验鼠注射纯化后的细菌鞭毛毒素(Fla Tox),研究人员发现相对于不表达NLRC4蛋白的老鼠,表达NLRC4蛋白的老鼠产生更多炎症反应。这一炎症反应对于清除细菌感染是至关重要的,因为不表达NLRC4蛋白的老鼠感染沙门氏菌后的细菌数要大于表达NLRC4蛋白的老鼠。

研究人员接着通过体外培养原代肠道上皮细胞发现,细菌鞭毛侵袭了肠道上皮细胞后会造成细胞的炎症性凋亡(pyrotosis),造成细胞裂解死亡。有趣的是,感染后的死细胞会被相邻的上皮细胞排挤出原来的位子。肠道的上皮细胞是肠道中防止细菌进入血循环的物理屏障,被挤出来的感染细胞的位子会被周围的细胞迅速补充,从而维持了肠壁的完整性。

传统的报导认为炎症性凋亡对于防止细菌感染有重要作用。但是,造成细胞的炎症性凋亡的Caspase-1和Gasdermin D蛋白对于上皮细胞中的NLRC4蛋白所造成的防止细菌感染的功能并不是必须的。在缺失Caspase-1和Gasdermin D蛋白的老鼠中,只要有NLRC4蛋白和作为补充的Caspase-8蛋白就依然能够产生炎症并且杀死沙门氏菌的感染。由于所有的NLRC4蛋白的表达都仅在肠道上皮细胞中,而不在人们普遍认为起主要杀菌功能的巨噬细胞里,这项研究证明了仅仅依靠肠道上皮细胞里的NLRC4蛋白和Caspase-8蛋白信号通路的激活,就能有效的抑制肠道沙门氏菌的感染。

原始初始:
Isabella Rauch, Katherine A. Deets, Daisy X. Ji et al., NAIP-NLRC4 Inflammasome Coordinate Intestinal Epithelial Cell Expulsion with Eicosanoid and IL-18 Release via Activation of Caspase-1 and -8.  2017, Immunity 46, 1–11 April 18, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2017.03.016

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