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手术之后,如何避免关节僵硬

2016-12-23 郭玮 骨事汇微信号

随着现代医学的发展,手术成为解决骨科和运动损伤疾病最重要的治疗手段,但是做完手术就万无一失了吗?其实不然,术后面临着更复杂的康复问题,其中一个最难处理的并发症就是关节僵硬。由于康复进入中国较晚,国人的康复意识还没有达到发达国家的水平,因此按照传统的观念:伤筋动骨一百天,很多人错误的认为养上三个月等长好了再开始活动,或者因为疼痛而不敢活动,殊不知在这个过程中就发生了关节僵硬。关节僵硬是由于术后组织液

随着现代医学的发展,手术成为解决骨科和运动损伤疾病最重要的治疗手段,但是做完手术就万无一失了吗?其实不然,术后面临着更复杂的康复问题,其中一个最难处理的并发症就是关节僵硬。

由于康复进入中国较晚,国人的康复意识还没有达到发达国家的水平,因此按照传统的观念:伤筋动骨一百天,很多人错误的认为养上三个月等长好了再开始活动,或者因为疼痛而不敢活动,殊不知在这个过程中就发生了关节僵硬。

关节僵硬是由于术后组织液渗出,瘢痕形成造成的,那么怎么避免术后关节僵硬的发生,而一旦发生了关节僵硬又要如何正确处理呢?

首先,要避免关节僵硬的发生就需要术后早期活动。

早期活动也讲究方式方法,术后早期的活动因伤而异,不同的疾病有不同的活动时间,但总的大原则是在允许活动的时间里,疼痛可以耐受,角度循序渐进。以前交叉韧带重建为例,术后1-2周就需要让关节角度达到90度。

而骨折术后的活动时间则较复杂,如果手术的内固定比较稳固,则可以早期进行活动,如骨折比较复杂,固定不是很稳定的前提下,则要拍摄x线片确定骨折是否有初始愈合,才能决定术后活动的时间,但对于不涉及骨折的关节部位,则应该尽早活动。
实践表明,术后三个月以内的关节僵硬康复的可能性较大,超过三个月的关节僵硬康复的难度随时间增加而增加。总之,能够尽早活动关节部位,则可以从根本上减少关节僵硬的发生。

其次,术后尽快消除肿胀也是避免关节僵硬的必不可少的环节。

术后肿胀时渗出会增多,粘连发生的几率也会增大,因此术后早期可以采取冰敷,抬高患肢以及电疗的方法促进肿胀尽快消除,从而减少关节僵硬发生的可能性。

第三,静力收缩关节周围的肌肉。

静力收缩关节周围的肌肉可以促进关节周围的血液循环,此时不但可以促进肿胀的消除,更能使关节周围的肌肉得到一定的训练,在不能进行关节部位主动及被动运动时,此方法可以从一定程度上提高肌肉力量,减轻关节僵硬。




如果关节僵硬已经发生,那么应该采取哪些方法进行正确处理呢?

1.禁止暴力

很多人发生粘连,造成了关节僵硬,就一时心急想尽快活动开,所以忍着剧痛强行增加关节角度,此时瘢痕没有松软,正常组织也处于短缩状态,势必会造成新的损伤,例如渗出增加,形成新的粘连;将正常组织拉伤,造成关节肿胀疼痛,影响下次进度。
当第二天再进行活动时会发现角度不仅没有增加,关节的灵活性也随之下降,久而久之拉伤的组织越来越多,甚至在一些地方会形成钙化点,进而产生异位骨化。这是一种恶性循环,要避免发生这些就需要懂得循序渐进的训练方法,僵硬不是一日形成的,解开僵硬也必定不是一日即可的。

2.放松周围软组织及关节松动术

关节僵硬分关节内和关节外僵硬两种,涉及到周围软组织和关节面之间活动度的减少,因此在进行被动或者主动关节活动之前首先要进行周围软组织的放松及关节松动术,以增加关节活动的范围,放松周围软组织时可以采取热敷,超声波,手法按摩等方式,但无论哪种方法都需要在合理的时间科学的进行,如组织仍然处于急性水肿期,则禁忌使用热敷,超声波使用时也不可选择连续波,手法按摩早期应以轻手法为主;而关节僵硬后期则可以选择这些方式进行放松,因此在自己无法进行合理有效的康复训练时就需要寻求专业康复师的帮助,康复师会根据病人的情况提供相对应的治疗方法。

3.物理治疗

进行被动关节活动时可能会造成组织间液渗出增多,若力度太大则容易引起肿胀加重,因此可以在进行完被动关节活动之后给予中频电,冰敷等物理治疗进行消肿,如某部位疼痛明显还可以选择超声波或激光治疗。各种物理治疗的合理应用可以减轻患者的痛苦,巩固训练效果,起到事半功倍的效果。

4.肌力训练

许多人错误的认为在关节角度不好的情况下要将关节角度先练好再加强肌肉力量,殊不知肌肉力量的增加跟关节角度的增加是相辅相成的,通过锻炼肌肉力量不仅可以提高主动角度的获得,更能增加被动关节角度的范围,并且将已经获得的角度进行巩固,同时肌肉力量的提高还可以增加关节灵活性以及促进肿胀的消除。



5.药物治疗,神经阻滞,手术松解

经过合理科学的康复训练,80%的患者都可以将关节角度恢复正常,还有部分患者由于康复介入过晚错过最佳时机而导致效果欠佳,或者患者康复过程中对疼痛耐受度差而影响康复进程,此时我们可以选择其他的方法进行治疗。

比如口服或者外用止痛药物,局部神经阻滞等,僵硬时间过长、康复效果不佳的患者还可以选择进行手术松解,但是值得注意的是,关节外粘连进行手术松解,角度平均可以增加70度左右,而关节内粘连则仅有30度-40度的可能,当然也不是说做了手术角度就一定可以增加,部分患者手术之后因为疼痛和肿胀的原因,新的粘连会产生,导致角度无法达到术中的程度,甚至有时低于术前的角度也是有可能的。

综上所述,针对术后关节僵硬的问题,最合理科学的康复训练才是避免和解决的根本。

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    2017-05-15 wxl882001

    学习一下

    0

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    2016-12-24 laoli

    挺有参考价值!

    0

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    2016-12-24 thlabcde

    很实用!

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=198435, encodeId=386e1984358e, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOgo3iaicb1Imgk1yIfnvr6oXzibcAFB6puAyNJXbzWhNuLqaFYBVRWjh7rghkvFLPxMAfD5ib3nXwVD/0, createdBy=bed21972958, createdName=wxl882001, createdTime=Mon May 15 16:54:10 CST 2017, time=2017-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165302, encodeId=2d9916530233, content=挺有参考价值!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLC1BMzZWdMSPQWuib6BtQGicK8ygGBM6YakpfkRc67soFSuKbZr86enL1KggQZEZbgWSeicJibafmYfQ3AibicIHMwwicmDShfRFvvI38/0, createdBy=272a110164, createdName=laoli, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 08:51:09 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165269, encodeId=dc7c16526921, content=很实用!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=92191944782, createdName=thlabcde, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 07:06:23 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165264, encodeId=64bf1652646f, content=阅读了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 07:03:24 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165237, encodeId=067316523e34, content=这个康复知识好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161224/IMG585DA5E26B9F44696.jpg, createdBy=565a98798, createdName=susice, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 06:32:55 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165233, encodeId=2bf016523385, content=讲的好,受教了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160915/IMG57D9FE6543CB32530.jpg, createdBy=6f211949553, createdName=行好, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 05:36:51 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165162, encodeId=72b0165162d7, content=挺实用的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ea311999727, createdName=1e1c4afem97(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Dec 23 16:35:45 CST 2016, time=2016-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-24 刘煜

    阅读了谢谢分享

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=198435, encodeId=386e1984358e, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOgo3iaicb1Imgk1yIfnvr6oXzibcAFB6puAyNJXbzWhNuLqaFYBVRWjh7rghkvFLPxMAfD5ib3nXwVD/0, createdBy=bed21972958, createdName=wxl882001, createdTime=Mon May 15 16:54:10 CST 2017, time=2017-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165302, encodeId=2d9916530233, content=挺有参考价值!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLC1BMzZWdMSPQWuib6BtQGicK8ygGBM6YakpfkRc67soFSuKbZr86enL1KggQZEZbgWSeicJibafmYfQ3AibicIHMwwicmDShfRFvvI38/0, createdBy=272a110164, createdName=laoli, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 08:51:09 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165269, encodeId=dc7c16526921, content=很实用!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=92191944782, createdName=thlabcde, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 07:06:23 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165264, encodeId=64bf1652646f, content=阅读了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 07:03:24 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165237, encodeId=067316523e34, content=这个康复知识好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161224/IMG585DA5E26B9F44696.jpg, createdBy=565a98798, createdName=susice, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 06:32:55 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165233, encodeId=2bf016523385, content=讲的好,受教了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160915/IMG57D9FE6543CB32530.jpg, createdBy=6f211949553, createdName=行好, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 05:36:51 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165162, encodeId=72b0165162d7, content=挺实用的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ea311999727, createdName=1e1c4afem97(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Dec 23 16:35:45 CST 2016, time=2016-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-24 susice

    这个康复知识好

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=198435, encodeId=386e1984358e, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOgo3iaicb1Imgk1yIfnvr6oXzibcAFB6puAyNJXbzWhNuLqaFYBVRWjh7rghkvFLPxMAfD5ib3nXwVD/0, createdBy=bed21972958, createdName=wxl882001, createdTime=Mon May 15 16:54:10 CST 2017, time=2017-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165302, encodeId=2d9916530233, content=挺有参考价值!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLC1BMzZWdMSPQWuib6BtQGicK8ygGBM6YakpfkRc67soFSuKbZr86enL1KggQZEZbgWSeicJibafmYfQ3AibicIHMwwicmDShfRFvvI38/0, createdBy=272a110164, createdName=laoli, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 08:51:09 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165269, encodeId=dc7c16526921, content=很实用!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=92191944782, createdName=thlabcde, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 07:06:23 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165264, encodeId=64bf1652646f, content=阅读了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 07:03:24 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165237, encodeId=067316523e34, content=这个康复知识好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161224/IMG585DA5E26B9F44696.jpg, createdBy=565a98798, createdName=susice, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 06:32:55 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165233, encodeId=2bf016523385, content=讲的好,受教了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160915/IMG57D9FE6543CB32530.jpg, createdBy=6f211949553, createdName=行好, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 05:36:51 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165162, encodeId=72b0165162d7, content=挺实用的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ea311999727, createdName=1e1c4afem97(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Dec 23 16:35:45 CST 2016, time=2016-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-24 行好

    讲的好,受教了!

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=198435, encodeId=386e1984358e, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOgo3iaicb1Imgk1yIfnvr6oXzibcAFB6puAyNJXbzWhNuLqaFYBVRWjh7rghkvFLPxMAfD5ib3nXwVD/0, createdBy=bed21972958, createdName=wxl882001, createdTime=Mon May 15 16:54:10 CST 2017, time=2017-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165302, encodeId=2d9916530233, content=挺有参考价值!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLC1BMzZWdMSPQWuib6BtQGicK8ygGBM6YakpfkRc67soFSuKbZr86enL1KggQZEZbgWSeicJibafmYfQ3AibicIHMwwicmDShfRFvvI38/0, createdBy=272a110164, createdName=laoli, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 08:51:09 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165269, encodeId=dc7c16526921, content=很实用!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=92191944782, createdName=thlabcde, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 07:06:23 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165264, encodeId=64bf1652646f, content=阅读了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 07:03:24 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165237, encodeId=067316523e34, content=这个康复知识好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161224/IMG585DA5E26B9F44696.jpg, createdBy=565a98798, createdName=susice, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 06:32:55 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165233, encodeId=2bf016523385, content=讲的好,受教了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160915/IMG57D9FE6543CB32530.jpg, createdBy=6f211949553, createdName=行好, createdTime=Sat Dec 24 05:36:51 CST 2016, time=2016-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165162, encodeId=72b0165162d7, content=挺实用的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ea311999727, createdName=1e1c4afem97(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Dec 23 16:35:45 CST 2016, time=2016-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-23 1e1c4afem97(暂无匿称)

    挺实用的

    0

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