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治疗小儿腹泻,口服补液盐应该这么用!

2016-06-11 马沛然 张静(山东大学附属山东省立医院儿科) 中国社区医师杂志

“虽然近年来我国小儿腹泻病发病率显著减少,但仍是小儿常见病。对于脱水的腹泻病患儿,在脱水原因纠正后均可使用口服补液盐(ORS),以减少患儿静脉补液的痛苦和减轻经济负担。现介绍ORS的配方和应用方法。 ORS的配方 标准ORS是世界卫生组织(WHO)提出的,国际上都广泛应用,其配方为:氯化钠3.5 g,碳酸氢钠2.5 g,氯化钾1.5 g,葡萄糖20 g,溶于1 000 mL水中。该液体含

“虽然近年来我国小儿腹泻病发病率显著减少,但仍是小儿常见病。对于脱水的腹泻病患儿,在脱水原因纠正后均可使用口服补液盐(ORS),以减少患儿静脉补液的痛苦和减轻经济负担。现介绍ORS的配方和应用方法。 

ORS的配方

标准ORS是世界卫生组织(WHO)提出的,国际上都广泛应用,其配方为:氯化钠3.5 g,碳酸氢钠2.5 g,氯化钾1.5 g,葡萄糖20 g,溶于1 000 mL水中。该液体含钠90 mmol/L,钾20 mmol/L,氯80 mmol/L,碳酸氢盐30 mmol/L,葡萄糖111 mmol/L,总渗透压为331 mmol/L,接近等渗(正常渗透压为280——320 mmol/L)。进入人体后,葡萄糖转化为肝淀粉,液体渗透压为220 mmol/L,约为2/3张,适用于治疗等渗脱水的腹泻病患儿。

ORS的优点

小儿腹泻病绝大多数为等渗脱水,只有少数原有营养不良或腹泻很严重、腹泻时间很长的患儿,会出现钠盐大量丢失所引起的低渗脱水,但这种情况近年来已看不到,因此上述ORS几乎适用于所有腹泻患儿。此配方中氯与碳酸氢盐之比与血液近似,并含有钾盐,可补充腹泻患儿钾的丢失。钠与葡萄糖恰当的比例有利于钠的吸收,且配方中各种成分剂量易于记忆。

ORS的缺点

标准ORS的配方也有一些缺点:

①碳酸氢钠易潮解、发黄、结块,不如枸橼酸钠。

②钠的含量较高,不适用于新生儿和腹泻较轻、大便含水量较少、血钠在正常高值的患儿。

因此,2005年WHO和联合国儿童基金会联合提出低渗ORS。

ORS的应用方法

无脱水征的患儿

20世纪80年代WHO规定:腹泻患儿除母乳喂养者可继续喂母乳外,其他患儿需禁食4——8 h。当时腹泻患儿以夏天多见(6——8月),病原主要为致病性大肠杆菌,腹泻严重,大便每天10多次,含水量高,若不禁食大便次数更多,含水量更高,但近年来这类患儿已少见。

近年来,腹泻病以轮状病毒所致秋季腹泻多见,流行于秋末冬初(每年的11月到次年的1月),大便每天6次左右,大便含水量少,不必禁食。母乳喂养的可以继续母乳喂养,其他喂养方法的可吃一些稀软易消化的食物,如小米稀饭。对无脱水征象的患儿,给患儿多喂水(最好是喂低渗ORS液),以预防脱水。每天腹泻后,<2岁患儿喂50——100 mL ORS,>2岁喂100——200 mL,少量多次喂,如有呕吐,停10 min后再喂,要喂得慢些。

轻度脱水患儿

对轻度脱水患儿推荐低渗ORS。4 h喂量为:<4个月 200—400 mL,4—12个月400—700 mL,1—2岁700—900 mL,>2岁 900—1 400 mL。经过口服低渗ORS 4 h后,如果脱水未见好转,尿量显著减少,腹泻次数多,且含水量多[>10—20 mL/(kg·h)],或有严重频繁呕吐者,应改用静脉补液。

重度脱水的恢复期

对重度脱水患儿,在静脉补液过程中,如无严重频繁呕吐,可同时口服低渗ORS液,直到脱水基本纠正、尿量明显增多后,可停止静脉补液,继续服用低渗ORS到腹泻治愈。

链接

低渗ORS的配方与优势

低渗ORS的配方

氯化钠2.6 g,葡萄糖13.5 g,氯化钾1.5 g,枸橼酸钠2.9 g,溶于1 000 mL水中,此配方含钠75 mmol/L,氯 65 mmol/L,葡萄糖75 mmol/L,钾20 mmol/L,柠檬酸10 mmol/L,体外总渗透压为245 mmol/L。肠道吸收后葡萄糖转化为肝淀粉,此液体的渗透压降为170 mmol/L,约为半张液。

低渗ORS的优势

经过临床应用证明,其有助于缩短腹泻持续时间,减少静脉补液量,减少大便排出量,减少呕吐次数,近年来药厂生产的ORS多为低渗ORS。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2052649, encodeId=c04c205264984, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=adca382417a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#口服补液盐#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38241, encryptionId=adca382417a, topicName=口服补液盐)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e093393, createdName=luwei00, createdTime=Sat Sep 10 15:01:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89533, encodeId=3c48895336d, content=说的很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=164, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/EFCECEB49A1C95DF9939032EA1CAFF92/100, createdBy=36301734941, createdName=qq9345a4cd, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 08:02:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89473, encodeId=17a9894e3e5, content=归纳很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 00:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89472, encodeId=8760894e29f, content=是该这样, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=165, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 00:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89437, encodeId=62be8943e0d, content=学习学习!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=158, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Jun 11 21:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89429, encodeId=9ec189429de, content=学习了长知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/PiajxSqBRaEJJAFMgSjibMicGVUgkmDBw4svXiccQxZicwjRHNxGPTghAmITxP12Rcmm0yFKfwGwUaiaUwpPUUUTOd2g/0, createdBy=fcd21609070, createdName=hekzn, createdTime=Sat Jun 11 19:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-12 qq9345a4cd

    说的很好

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2052649, encodeId=c04c205264984, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=adca382417a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#口服补液盐#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38241, encryptionId=adca382417a, topicName=口服补液盐)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e093393, createdName=luwei00, createdTime=Sat Sep 10 15:01:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89533, encodeId=3c48895336d, content=说的很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=164, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/EFCECEB49A1C95DF9939032EA1CAFF92/100, createdBy=36301734941, createdName=qq9345a4cd, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 08:02:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89473, encodeId=17a9894e3e5, content=归纳很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 00:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89472, encodeId=8760894e29f, content=是该这样, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=165, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 00:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89437, encodeId=62be8943e0d, content=学习学习!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=158, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Jun 11 21:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89429, encodeId=9ec189429de, content=学习了长知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/PiajxSqBRaEJJAFMgSjibMicGVUgkmDBw4svXiccQxZicwjRHNxGPTghAmITxP12Rcmm0yFKfwGwUaiaUwpPUUUTOd2g/0, createdBy=fcd21609070, createdName=hekzn, createdTime=Sat Jun 11 19:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-12 milkshark

    归纳很好

    0

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    2016-06-12 milkshark

    是该这样

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2052649, encodeId=c04c205264984, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=adca382417a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#口服补液盐#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38241, encryptionId=adca382417a, topicName=口服补液盐)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e093393, createdName=luwei00, createdTime=Sat Sep 10 15:01:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89533, encodeId=3c48895336d, content=说的很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=164, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/EFCECEB49A1C95DF9939032EA1CAFF92/100, createdBy=36301734941, createdName=qq9345a4cd, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 08:02:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89473, encodeId=17a9894e3e5, content=归纳很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 00:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89472, encodeId=8760894e29f, content=是该这样, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=165, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 00:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89437, encodeId=62be8943e0d, content=学习学习!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=158, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Jun 11 21:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89429, encodeId=9ec189429de, content=学习了长知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/PiajxSqBRaEJJAFMgSjibMicGVUgkmDBw4svXiccQxZicwjRHNxGPTghAmITxP12Rcmm0yFKfwGwUaiaUwpPUUUTOd2g/0, createdBy=fcd21609070, createdName=hekzn, createdTime=Sat Jun 11 19:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-11 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习学习!

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2052649, encodeId=c04c205264984, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=adca382417a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#口服补液盐#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38241, encryptionId=adca382417a, topicName=口服补液盐)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e093393, createdName=luwei00, createdTime=Sat Sep 10 15:01:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89533, encodeId=3c48895336d, content=说的很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=164, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/EFCECEB49A1C95DF9939032EA1CAFF92/100, createdBy=36301734941, createdName=qq9345a4cd, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 08:02:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89473, encodeId=17a9894e3e5, content=归纳很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 00:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89472, encodeId=8760894e29f, content=是该这样, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=165, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 00:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89437, encodeId=62be8943e0d, content=学习学习!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=158, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Jun 11 21:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89429, encodeId=9ec189429de, content=学习了长知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/PiajxSqBRaEJJAFMgSjibMicGVUgkmDBw4svXiccQxZicwjRHNxGPTghAmITxP12Rcmm0yFKfwGwUaiaUwpPUUUTOd2g/0, createdBy=fcd21609070, createdName=hekzn, createdTime=Sat Jun 11 19:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-11 hekzn

    学习了长知识

    0

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