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MedSci专访吴兆苏教授——中国高血压防治工作与SPRINT研究

2015-09-22 MedSci MedSci原创

吴兆苏教授是北京安贞医院北京市心肺血管疾病研究所研究员,同时担任中国高血压联盟主席,也是2015中国高血压年会的大会主席。在9月18日,在2015高血压年会现场,MedSci有幸采访到了吴教授,以下是采访的主要内容:MedSci:苏教授您好,今天是高血压年会的第一天。能请您提前介绍一下我国高血压防治目前的现状和以及取得的进展,以及我国高血压防治的机遇和未来发展的目标么?吴兆苏:嗯,这两天的会议

吴兆苏教授是北京安贞医院北京市心肺血管疾病研究所研究员,同时担任中国高血压联盟主席,也是2015中国高血压年会的大会主席。在9月18日,在2015高血压年会现场,MedSci有幸采访到了吴教授,以下是采访的主要内容:




MedSci:苏教授您好,今天是高血压年会的第一天。能请您提前介绍一下我国高血压防治目前的现状和以及取得的进展,以及我国高血压防治的机遇和未来发展的目标么?


吴兆苏:嗯,这两天的会议基本上都是高血压防治方面的内容。关于高血压的现状,最近十多年来,在刘立生教授、上海龚兰生教授的大力支持下,在高血压领域的专家的努力下,高血压防治在我国取得了很大的进步。但是高血压防治的宣传力度还是没有像糖尿病的厉害。因为高血压早期没有症状,而老百姓则是有症状了才会去重视,但是关于高血压的危害必须要加大宣传,让群众们都能够认识到。


王增武教授之前的一项调查研究表明,现在越来越多的高血压病人知道自己有高血压,全国平均50%,尤其是在沿海大城市地区60%-80%的高血压病人知道了专家患有高血压病。知道了高血压,就会进而重视高血压防治。所以,之前的十几年,高血压防治方面确实有很大的效果。但是有些人,特别是年轻人还不知道高血压危害,认为自己离得高血压还早,所以这部分人还不重视高血压的防治工作。所以说,现在我们的高血压防治工作的重点在两方面:一方面是提高医生的高血压的诊治水平,另一方面的工作就是提高病患的对高血压的认知能力,教育病患自我保健能力和有病就去看、吃什么药、该怎么吃药都要与医生配合的良好就医态度。


从2012年开始的由高院士领导、王增武等教授共同参与的,对全国的50万人进行的,属于我国十二五计划的一部分的普查的结果基本已经出来了:高血压的知晓率、治疗率和控制率都已明显提高,比1991年的结果明显提高,比2002年的结果也有提高,而且这些提高里药物治疗的人群和药物治疗后的控制情况提高得百分比越来越大。这说明,治疗高血压的药物的疗效越来越好,我国对高血压人群的管理越来越好,若高血压人群只是吃药,而没有进行其它防治,效果不会这么明显。这也表明了我国基层医生的责任心也比以前强了。


除了药物的疗效的提高和基层医生责任心的增强,对高血压病人的双向转诊,也是很重要的一个方面。病情比较困难的病人可以去上级医院看病,看完之后再回到基层继续治疗。而且现在因为互联网的应用,病人回到基层后可以通过电话、微信、网络等跟医生保持良好的沟通。互联网的应用,在另一方面,如电视节目等,对高血压的防治起到了很好的宣传作用。总体来看,我国高血压防治的形势还是非常乐观的,但是还是有相当一部分人群对自己的健康的不太重视,特别是年轻人,所以我们还要开展更多的健康教育工作。


去年,我国发表了一个高血压患者的健康教育指南,这个指南的内容还是很全面的,包括高血压是什么病,有什么危害,然后怎么来预防,怎么来治疗,得了高血压怎么办,还有高血压药物的服用方法,和特别强调的非药物治疗的方法(不喝酒或者少饮酒、戒烟、运动、增加营养、心态平和)。这个健康教育指南对高血压病人的帮助很大,它让病人认识到了高血压及其危害,没有高血压的群众可以知道如何预防,患有高血压的病人知道怎么样治疗和管理,这都让群众重视到了高血压的防治工作。


虽然我国高血压的患病率在升高,但是这个增高的并不见得就是发病率的增高。一方面是一些高血压患者以前没有发现自己患有高血压,但是现在高血压的检出率越来越多;另一方面是,那些本该随着年纪的增加而死去的高血压病人,在目前有效的治疗和控制下,反而没有死去,这两方面再加上新发高血压患者,使得人群中高血压的患病率提高了。然而,从心脑血管的发病率,特别是死亡率方面可以看出来转折,王文教授整理的材料中显示了:从2006年到2012年的六、七年间,脑卒中的死亡率下降了,而且这个下降不仅仅是总体趋势,在许多地区的数据都有所下降。这个死亡率的下降,反映了两个方面的问题:一、发病率降低了;二、新发病率没有明显的减少,但是治疗更加有效了。治疗更加有效不仅是药物的有效,还有治疗手段的发展,比如,脑出血在过去是没办法有效治疗的,但是现在可以通过介入、开刀等方法进行有效地治疗。


有效地治疗并不是我们的目标,最好的情况是病人不发病,或者是尽量晚发病,进而提高人们的生活质量。即使是像高血压这类的慢性病,我们可以通过药物和生活方式干预对病人进行有效地治疗和管理,但是这依然会加重患者的痛苦和家庭负担,包括经济负担。所有,我们对慢性病要求早预防,未雨绸缪,早治疗。这也就是现在为什么发病年龄往后推了,年轻人现在发病率越来越高了。所以说高血压防治工作的前途是光明的,但是还需要临床医生们继续努力!


MedSci:吴教授,最近美国的SPRINT研究大热,您如何看待该研究的结果?基于此,您对年轻的临床医生有什么教诲?


吴兆苏:美国SPRINT的研究结果有炒作的嫌疑,因为这个问题在高血压领域早就有人提及。疾病发生发展不是突然就病的,它是一个缓慢增长的过程,当然太低了肯定是不好的,会导致供血不足,有个J型曲线,明显的是J型曲线的拐点,当然是越早越好,但是早到什么时候,120-130mmHg?110mmHg肯定不好,太低了会导致脏器灌注不足。

我们目前认为120到140mmHg是正常血压高值,但是正常血压高值要不要治疗、吃药,一直都是争论的焦点问题。


欧洲指南指出,与不吃药者相比,吃药的正常血压高值人群没有得到明显的好处。但是现在美国的SPRINT研究结果却发现,把50岁以上高血压病人的血压控制在120mmHg以下的中风率比控制在低于140mmHg低了30%,而死亡率低了25%。对于这个结果,我们要看具体情况,如果患者有动脉斑块,血压降到120mmHg以下反而会造成患者早死。另外一个很重要的方面就是,120-140mmHg的人群占了高血压患者人群总数的30%到40%,对这些人群进行药物治疗,会增加患者的经济负担。当然,药商希望大家都吃药,所以他可能会对这个结果进行炒作,但是作为医生的我们要冷静下来,理性地判断一下:如果给病人继续降压,花费是否比疗效少;还要考虑是进行药物治疗还是通过非药物方法治疗?先考虑患者的生活方式,喝酒的戒酒、抽烟的戒烟等等,生活方式干预实在没有效果了再进行药物治疗。如果不管三七二十一,直接使用药物治疗,效果可能不会很明显。


特别是现在的中青年人的血压升高,许多都是精神方面的原因造成的。比如,年轻人工作压力很大,会造成一定的精神影响,长期的精神紧张会产生血压升高;还有现在30到50岁的中年人有许多导致高血压的因素,如应酬喝酒、两口子闹离婚产生的精神压力等等。所以,临床医生一旦发现了病人血压升高,应该首先干预病人的生活方式,若效果不明显,再综合考虑,再进行药物治疗。


现在,我国的刘力生教授和张宇清教授目前正在做这样一个关于正常高血压高值的研究。总体说来,把血压降得更低是有点作用的,但是根据我国的国情,还是最好把血压控制在140mmHg,当然,如果病人的经济条件允许,可以把血压控制到130mmHg,甚至是120mmHg。临床医生不应只根据一个实验的一个结果就下判断,应理性地看待许多研究的结果,应具体情况具体施治。


MedSci:既然谈到了研究,吴教授,您认为我国目前的临床研究的情况如何?


吴兆苏:我们这次大会的也介绍了一些研究,但是这些研究都是临床研究,即使是基础研究,也是一些基于临床的基础研究,没有动物实验、基因等方面的单纯的基础研究。我国目前的临床研究很多,当然,更有价值的研究在我们这次会议上也会有报告。


说到研究,我们不得不提发表研究的杂志,杂志也很多,但是在高血压领域,《中华心血管病杂志》和《中华高血压杂志》,这两本国内杂志还是要必看的。如果这两本杂志看完之后你还有精力,那你可以看看《中华内科杂志》。比较来说,中华的杂志还是比较可靠的。


我个人认为前几年国内的许多研究走了弯路,希望今后这种情况能够有所改善。因为前几年,国内许多地方都要求医生发表SCI论文,因此许多医生的研究本可以在国内杂志发表后,再修改完善一下可能会有机会发表到国外的大型杂志上。但是,因为工作的要求,许多医生把论文直接在国外投稿了,但是因为语言的原因,其实,许多论文发表的杂志的影响因子不高,国外都没有多少人会去看,更别提国内了,许多好的研究可能就因此而耽误了。如果没有这种唯SCI论,许多研究可以更加完善后再发表,可能会发表在高影响力的医学杂志上,这个研究才能造成该有的影响力,这才能促进中国医学的发展。


MedSci:谢谢吴教授接受MedSci的采访,非常感谢!


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    2016-08-17 kalseyzl
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    2015-09-23 x35042875

    解读EMPA-REG OUTCOME研究 作者:河北省人民医院 郭艺芳 在2015年EASD年会期间,揭晓了举世瞩目的降糖治疗试验EMPA-REG OUTCOME研究结果。

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