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急症患者失血过多,输血找不到血管怎么办?这项技术来救场!

2023-06-11 李芳芳 华医网 发表于上海

护士必备!值得推广的骨髓穿刺输液术。

骨髓腔内诸多非塌陷的微小静脉网络可以像海绵一样能够快速吸收灌注至其周围的液体,通过骨内静脉窦将其快速转运至体循环。

骨髓腔输液(Intraosseous Infusion,IO)是一种在特殊情况下建立的紧急输液方法,是利用长骨骨髓腔中丰富的血管网将药物和液体经骨髓腔输入血液循环,目前在国内应用尚不普遍。

图片

当无法建立静脉通路时,IO是建立“生命通道”唯一、最安全和便捷的途径,有效避免了外周静脉通路不耐受刺激性药物、穿刺针易脱落、血管塌陷难以建立静脉通路以及深静脉穿刺技术要求和成本高、潜在危险多等不足。

《国际心肺复苏指南》中标注:连续3次静脉穿刺不成功或90s内不能建立静脉通路,推荐使用骨髓输液,此方法适用于所有人。

骨髓腔输液的优点:

操作简单、方便、快捷,时效性最佳;易培训掌握;进针准确,用时短,确认在骨髓腔内即可使用;骨皮质对穿刺针有固定作用。骨髓腔通路也被称为永不萎陷的静脉。

适应证:

创伤、休克、烧伤、脱水、低血压、心脏骤停、意识丧失、心律失常、呼吸衰竭、癫痫、镇静剂过量、中心静脉置管困难等患者。

禁忌证:穿刺部位骨折;大面积软组织损伤,使穿刺缺乏足够的解剖学标志;穿刺区域有感染;穿刺区域在以前曾进行过重大的矫形手术。

穿刺点选择:

胫骨近端:

成人:胫骨粗隆(髌骨下缘两横指即约3cm处),其内侧约2cm处的胫骨平坦处。

婴幼儿:胫骨粗隆(髌骨下缘约1cm处),其内侧约1cm处的胫骨平坦处。

胫骨远端:

  • 成人:内踝关节上3cm,约2横指;

  • 婴幼儿/儿童:内踝上1~2cm,约1横指。

  • 穿刺角度: 与骨成90度角进针穿刺。

肱骨近端:

肘保持生理性内收,手部掌心向内放于脐部,由肱骨中段向上触摸,在肩的侧部能触到一个突出,即肱骨大结界。     

进针角度: 从平面往后下方成45度角刺入穿刺针套件。

IO移除后会有少量出血。

应注意:

①压迫穿刺点1~2分钟止血。

②经抗凝治疗的患者需要压迫更长的时间。

③不需要特殊敷料,创可贴或者清洁敷料覆盖即可。

并发症:

骨髓炎、肌筋膜间隙综合征、骨折、蜂窝组织炎、皮下脓肿、骨骺损伤、脂肪栓塞等,最严重的并发症是骨髓炎(发生率为0.6%)。为避免并发症的发生,应严格执行无菌操作,尽量缩短该通路应用时间,待建立其他血管通路后立即拔除。骨髓输液时间不宜过长,最长不超过24h。

骨髓腔内输液作为建立输液通道中的一种重要途径,当遇到危重症和输液困难患者时,能够在极短时间内完成骨髓腔内输液操作,将挽救更多生命。

参考文献:

[1] 孔建宜,柯丹,杨凤华.快速骨髓腔穿刺输液在创伤性休克患者院前急救中的应用[J].护理实践与研究,2018,15(12):98-100. 

[2]何斌,潘鑫.骨髓腔穿刺输液在创伤失血性休克患者院前急救中的应用[J].中西医结合心血管病电子杂志,2017,5(33):40-41.

[3]黄志聪,罗海杰,梁少映.骨髓腔输液在创伤失血性休克急救中的应用观察[J].实用中医药杂志,2017,33(3):298-299. 

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2142742, encodeId=5a982142e42d5, content=一次性骨髓输液针, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220801/c298eeb2259c4110b14179b97aba2e82/436f77ef216745e49f4d7dbc87ea096e.jpg, createdBy=15fd6475276, createdName=坐井观天下, createdTime=Wed Jun 14 14:36:12 CST 2023, time=2023-06-14, status=1, ipAttribution=海南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2142646, encodeId=e19c21426465c, content=知道,但是从来没用过, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2d114843943, createdName=1013100771, createdTime=Tue Jun 13 23:46:20 CST 2023, time=2023-06-13, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2142431, encodeId=01fc214243148, content=首次了解到 很棒的技术, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=be718745507, createdName=ms2000002003514894, createdTime=Mon Jun 12 21:07:33 CST 2023, time=2023-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=安徽省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2142241, encodeId=3323214224121, content=新技术创新, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=1, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=05155126416, createdName=146480bem82暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 19:18:17 CST 2023, time=2023-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省)]
    2023-06-14 坐井观天下 来自海南省

    一次性骨髓输液针

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2142742, encodeId=5a982142e42d5, content=一次性骨髓输液针, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220801/c298eeb2259c4110b14179b97aba2e82/436f77ef216745e49f4d7dbc87ea096e.jpg, createdBy=15fd6475276, createdName=坐井观天下, createdTime=Wed Jun 14 14:36:12 CST 2023, time=2023-06-14, status=1, ipAttribution=海南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2142646, encodeId=e19c21426465c, content=知道,但是从来没用过, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2d114843943, createdName=1013100771, createdTime=Tue Jun 13 23:46:20 CST 2023, time=2023-06-13, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2142431, encodeId=01fc214243148, content=首次了解到 很棒的技术, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=be718745507, createdName=ms2000002003514894, createdTime=Mon Jun 12 21:07:33 CST 2023, time=2023-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=安徽省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2142241, encodeId=3323214224121, content=新技术创新, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=1, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=05155126416, createdName=146480bem82暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 19:18:17 CST 2023, time=2023-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省)]
    2023-06-13 1013100771 来自山东省

    知道,但是从来没用过

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2142742, encodeId=5a982142e42d5, content=一次性骨髓输液针, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220801/c298eeb2259c4110b14179b97aba2e82/436f77ef216745e49f4d7dbc87ea096e.jpg, createdBy=15fd6475276, createdName=坐井观天下, createdTime=Wed Jun 14 14:36:12 CST 2023, time=2023-06-14, status=1, ipAttribution=海南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2142646, encodeId=e19c21426465c, content=知道,但是从来没用过, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2d114843943, createdName=1013100771, createdTime=Tue Jun 13 23:46:20 CST 2023, time=2023-06-13, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2142431, encodeId=01fc214243148, content=首次了解到 很棒的技术, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=be718745507, createdName=ms2000002003514894, createdTime=Mon Jun 12 21:07:33 CST 2023, time=2023-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=安徽省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2142241, encodeId=3323214224121, content=新技术创新, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=1, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=05155126416, createdName=146480bem82暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 19:18:17 CST 2023, time=2023-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省)]
    2023-06-12 ms2000002003514894 来自安徽省

    首次了解到 很棒的技术

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2142742, encodeId=5a982142e42d5, content=一次性骨髓输液针, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220801/c298eeb2259c4110b14179b97aba2e82/436f77ef216745e49f4d7dbc87ea096e.jpg, createdBy=15fd6475276, createdName=坐井观天下, createdTime=Wed Jun 14 14:36:12 CST 2023, time=2023-06-14, status=1, ipAttribution=海南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2142646, encodeId=e19c21426465c, content=知道,但是从来没用过, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2d114843943, createdName=1013100771, createdTime=Tue Jun 13 23:46:20 CST 2023, time=2023-06-13, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2142431, encodeId=01fc214243148, content=首次了解到 很棒的技术, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=be718745507, createdName=ms2000002003514894, createdTime=Mon Jun 12 21:07:33 CST 2023, time=2023-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=安徽省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2142241, encodeId=3323214224121, content=新技术创新, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=1, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=05155126416, createdName=146480bem82暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 19:18:17 CST 2023, time=2023-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省)]
    2023-06-11 146480bem82暂无昵称 来自山东省

    新技术创新

    0

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