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2016 老年患者低钠血症的诊治中国专家建议

2016-08-30 中国心血管病相关专家小组(统称) 中华老年医学杂志.2016,35(8):795-804.

尽管从20世纪中叶开始对低钠血症有所认识,但时至今日这一常见的电解质紊乱的基本原理仍然没有解析透彻,各种疾病状态下都可能发生低钠血症,诱因和病理生理机制复杂多样,急性和慢性低钠血症的症状和转归大相径庭,以上种种原因导致理想的低钠血症治疗方案至今尚未完全建立。近年来美国和欧洲已相继推出了低钠血症的诊疗指南,我们根据老年人群的特点,制定了老年患者(年龄≥60岁)低钠血症诊治的中国专家建议。

中文标题:

2016 老年患者低钠血症的诊治中国专家建议

发布日期:

2016-08-30

简要介绍:

低钠血症是临床上最为常见的电解质素乱,在住院患者中的发生率可达15%~30%,在老年人群中低钠血症更为普遍,有文献报道年龄≥60岁的老年人发生低钠血症的平均危险性是13~60岁人群的2.54倍,研究发现在老年医学科就诊的急诊患者中低钠血症的患病率接近50%。

尽管大多数患者症状轻微,但低钠血症的诊治仍需要重视,这是因为:

(1)急性、严重的低钠血症加重患者病情,增加病死率;

(2)合并基础疾病的患者发生低钠血症加重患者病情,预后差,病死率高;

(3)慢性低钠血症纠正过快可引起严重的神经功能损伤以致死亡;

(4)慢性低钠血症可能增加老年人跌倒和骨折的风险,诱发各种基础疾病和并发症,甚至导致死亡。

尽管从20世纪中叶开始对低钠血症有所认识,但时至今日这一常见的电解质紊乱的基本原理仍然没有解析透彻,各种疾病状态下都可能发生低钠血症,诱因和病理生理机制复杂多样,急性和慢性低钠血症的症状和转归大相径庭,以上种种原因导致理想的低钠血症治疗方案至今尚未完全建立。近年来美国和欧洲已相继推出了低钠血症的诊疗指南,我们根据老年人群的特点,制定了老年患者(年龄≥60岁)低钠血症诊治的中国专家建议。 

(一)定义 低钠血症是指血清钠低于135mmol/L,伴或不伴有细胞外液容量改变的临床状况。老年患者中低钠血症的高发病率主要与以下因素有关:共病发生率增加,经常使用可导致低钠血症的药物以及身体维持水稳态的能力下降。 

(二)分类 

1.根据血渗透压与低钠血症的关系,可将低钠血症分为低渗性低钠血症、等渗性低钠血症和高渗性低钠血症,其中根据细胞外液容量的状况又可将低渗性低钠血症分为低容量性、等容量性和高容量性低钠血症。

2.血钠水平分类:(1)血钠130~135 mmol/L 为轻度低钠血症;(2)血钠125~129 mmol/L为中 度低钠血症;(3)血钠<125 mmol/L为重度低钠血症。

3.根据进展速度分类:(1)低钠血症存在<48h为急性低钠血症;(2)低钠血症存在≥48h为慢性低钠血症;(3)若不能确定低钠血症存在时间,在除外可引起急性低钠血症的因素(包括手术后期、烦渴、运动、结肠镜检查的准备、应用甲基苯丙胺、催产素、噻嗪类利尿剂、去氨加压素、抗利尿激素及静脉应用环磷酰胺等)后,建议考虑为慢性低钠血症。

4.根据有无临床症状分类:(1)任何程度的血钠降低伴轻度低钠血症症状定义为轻度症状低钠血症,其包括:注意力不集中、易怒、性格改变、抑郁;(2)任何程度的血钠降低伴中度低钠血症症状定义为中度症状低钠血症,其症状包括:恶心不伴呕吐、意识模糊、头痛;(3)任何程度的血钠降低伴重度低钠血症症状定义为严重症状低钠血症,其症状包括呕吐、心脏呼吸窘迫、异常和深度嗜睡、癫痫、昏迷(Glasgow评分≤8分)。

制定者:
中国心血管病相关专家小组(统称) 

相关资料下载:
[AttachmentFileName(sort=100, fileName=2016 老年患者低钠血症的诊治中国专家建议)] GetToolGuiderByIdResponse(projectId=1, id=840811c0013081e9, title=2016 老年患者低钠血症的诊治中国专家建议, enTitle=, guiderFrom=中华老年医学杂志.2016,35(8):795-804., authorId=null, author=, summary=尽管从20世纪中叶开始对低钠血症有所认识,但时至今日这一常见的电解质紊乱的基本原理仍然没有解析透彻,各种疾病状态下都可能发生低钠血症,诱因和病理生理机制复杂多样,急性和慢性低钠血症的症状和转归大相径庭,以上种种原因导致理想的低钠血症治疗方案至今尚未完全建立。近年来美国和欧洲已相继推出了低钠血症的诊疗指南,我们根据老年人群的特点,制定了老年患者(年龄≥60岁)低钠血症诊治的中国专家建议。, cover=, journalId=null, articlesId=null, associationId=779, associationName=中国心血管病相关专家小组(统称), associationIntro=null, copyright=0, guiderPublishedTime=Tue Aug 30 00:00:00 CST 2016, originalUrl=, linkOutUrl=, content=<p class="MsoNormal">低钠血症是临床上最为常见的电解质素乱,在住院患者中的发生率可达15%~30%,在老年人群中低钠血症更为普遍,有文献报道年龄≥60岁的老年人发生低钠血症的平均危险性是13~60岁人群的2.54倍,研究发现在老年医学科就诊的急诊患者中低钠血症的患病率接近50%。</p><p class="MsoNormal">尽管大多数患者症状轻微,但低钠血症的诊治仍需要重视,这是因为:</p><p class="MsoNormal">(1)急性、严重的低钠血症加重患者病情,增加病死率;</p><p class="MsoNormal">(2)合并基础疾病的患者发生低钠血症加重患者病情,预后差,病死率高;</p><p class="MsoNormal">(3)慢性低钠血症纠正过快可引起严重的神经功能损伤以致死亡;</p><p class="MsoNormal">(4)慢性低钠血症可能增加老年人跌倒和骨折的风险,诱发各种基础疾病和并发症,甚至导致死亡。</p><p class="MsoNormal">尽管从20世纪中叶开始对低钠血症有所认识,但时至今日这一常见的电解质紊乱的基本原理仍然没有解析透彻,各种疾病状态下都可能发生低钠血症,诱因和病理生理机制复杂多样,急性和慢性低钠血症的症状和转归大相径庭,以上种种原因导致理想的低钠血症治疗方案至今尚未完全建立。近年来美国和欧洲已相继推出了低钠血症的诊疗指南,我们根据老年人群的特点,制定了老年患者(年龄≥60岁)低钠血症诊治的中国专家建议。<span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-weight: bold;">(一)<!--[endif]-->定义 </span>低钠血症是指血清钠低于135mmol/L,伴或不伴有细胞外液容量改变的临床状况。老年患者中低钠血症的高发病率主要与以下因素有关:共病发生率增加,经常使用可导致低钠血症的药物以及身体维持水稳态的能力下降。<span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight: bold;">(二)分类 </span></p><p class="MsoNormal">1.根据血渗透压与低钠血症的关系,可将低钠血症分为低渗性低钠血症、等渗性低钠血症和高渗性低钠血症,其中根据细胞外液容量的状况又可将低渗性低钠血症分为低容量性、等容量性和高容量性低钠血症。</p><p class="MsoNormal">2.血钠水平分类:(1)血钠130~135 mmol/L 为轻度低钠血症;(2)血钠125~129 mmol/L为中 度低钠血症;(3)血钠<125 mmol/L为重度低钠血症。</p><p class="MsoNormal">3.根据进展速度分类:(1)低钠血症存在<48h为急性低钠血症;(2)低钠血症存在≥48h为慢性低钠血症;(3)若不能确定低钠血症存在时间,在除外可引起急性低钠血症的因素(包括手术后期、烦渴、运动、结肠镜检查的准备、应用甲基苯丙胺、催产素、噻嗪类利尿剂、去氨加压素、抗利尿激素及静脉应用环磷酰胺等)后,建议考虑为慢性低钠血症。</p><p class="MsoNormal">4.根据有无临床症状分类:(1)任何程度的血钠降低伴轻度低钠血症症状定义为轻度症状低钠血症,其包括:注意力不集中、易怒、性格改变、抑郁;(2)任何程度的血钠降低伴中度低钠血症症状定义为中度症状低钠血症,其症状包括:恶心不伴呕吐、意识模糊、头痛;(3)任何程度的血钠降低伴重度低钠血症症状定义为严重症状低钠血症,其症状包括呕吐、心脏呼吸窘迫、异常和深度嗜睡、癫痫、昏迷(Glasgow评分≤8分)。</p> <span style="font-weight: bold;">制定者:</span> <div>中国心血管病相关专家小组(统称) </div> <div>《老年患者低钠血症的诊治中国专家建议》写作组<br> <br> 拓展指南:<strong>与<font color="red">低钠血症</font>相关指南:</strong><br><ul><li><a href="//www.sandwebs.com/guideline/show_article.do?id=f43f51c001225a3d" title="2014 WMS实践指南:运动相关性低钠血症的治疗(更新版)" target="_blank">2014 WMS实践指南:运动相关性低钠血症的治疗(更新版)</a></li> <li><a href="//www.sandwebs.com/guideline/show_article.do?id=c0bb41c0011565e5" title="2015 第3届国际运动相关性低钠血症共识发展大会声明" target="_blank">2015 第3届国际运动相关性低钠血症共识发展大会声明</a></li> <li><a href="//www.sandwebs.com/guideline/show_article.do?id=b233e1c0010522de" title="2014 ESICM/ESE/ERA-EDTA 欧洲低钠血症诊断和治疗的临床实践指南" target="_blank">2014 ESICM/ESE/ERA-EDTA 欧洲低钠血症诊断和治疗的临床实践指南</a></li> <li><a href="//www.sandwebs.com/guideline/show_article.do?id=8ee611c0009e66e4" title="2013 WMS实践指南:运动相关性低钠血症的治疗" target="_blank">2013 WMS实践指南:运动相关性低钠血症的治疗</a></li> 更多信息请点击:<a href="//www.sandwebs.com/guideline/list.do?q=%E4%BD%8E%E9%92%A0%E8%A1%80%E7%97%87" target="_blank">有关低钠血症更多指南</a></ul></div>, tagList=[TagDto(tagId=100923, tagName=低血钠症), TagDto(tagId=2561, tagName=老年患者)], categoryList=[CategoryDto(categoryId=34, categoryName=全科医学, tenant=100), CategoryDto(categoryId=21100, categoryName=达仁堂循证e学界, tenant=100)], articleKeywordId=null, articleKeyword=null, articleKeywordNum=null, guiderKeywordId=null, guiderKeyword=null, guiderKeywordNum=null, haveAttachments=1, attachmentList=null, guiderType=0, guiderArea=其他, guiderLanguage=1, guiderRegion=3, opened=0, paymentType=null, paymentAmount=10, recommend=0, recommendEndTime=null, sticky=0, stickyEndTime=null, allHits=16299, appHits=1111, showAppHits=4, pcHits=7439, showPcHits=9552, likes=207, shares=78, comments=8, approvalStatus=1, publishedTime=Thu Oct 13 12:58:32 CST 2016, publishedTimeString=2016-08-30, pcVisible=1, appVisible=1, editorId=5295957, editor=lili, waterMark=0, formatted=0, memberCards=[], isPrivilege=0, deleted=0, version=1, createdBy=null, createdName=lili, createdTime=Thu Oct 13 12:58:32 CST 2016, updatedBy=null, updatedName=null, updatedTime=Sat Jan 06 03:09:58 CST 2024, courseDetails=[], otherVersionGuiders=[], isGuiderMember=false, ipAttribution=, attachmentFileNameList=[AttachmentFileName(sort=100, fileName=2016 老年患者低钠血症的诊治中国专家建议)])
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    2022-10-08 ms5000000000100156

    太有用了

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    2021-08-15 ms8000000809689558

    了解

    0

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    2021-05-21 宋旭萍1253494900

    谢谢啦!

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2092475, encodeId=eee820924e5e0, content=太有用了, beContent=null, objectType=guider, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6cb85424705, createdName=ms5000000000100156, createdTime=Sat Oct 08 12:34:21 CST 2022, time=2022-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1008134, encodeId=b4861008134ab, content=了解, beContent=null, objectType=guider, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5dd25518913, createdName=ms8000000809689558, createdTime=Sun Aug 15 19:33:37 CST 2021, time=2021-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=967607, encodeId=81d996e60756, content=谢谢啦!, beContent=null, objectType=guider, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=565b2944162, createdName=宋旭萍1253494900, createdTime=Fri May 21 21:16:29 CST 2021, time=2021-05-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=948557, encodeId=645394855eed, content=临床常见疾病诊疗,学习, beContent=null, objectType=guider, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=85e02098808, createdName=ms6979315883460749, createdTime=Tue Mar 16 08:14:48 CST 2021, time=2021-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=907321, encodeId=405690e321bf, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=guider, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/05/13/9e868433697f9337bc9c6b44718fa935.jpg, createdBy=e0062060044, createdName=公冶花, createdTime=Sat Dec 12 16:22:16 CST 2020, time=2020-12-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-03-16 ms6979315883460749

    临床常见疾病诊疗,学习

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2092475, encodeId=eee820924e5e0, content=太有用了, beContent=null, objectType=guider, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6cb85424705, createdName=ms5000000000100156, createdTime=Sat Oct 08 12:34:21 CST 2022, time=2022-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1008134, encodeId=b4861008134ab, content=了解, beContent=null, objectType=guider, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5dd25518913, createdName=ms8000000809689558, createdTime=Sun Aug 15 19:33:37 CST 2021, time=2021-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=967607, encodeId=81d996e60756, content=谢谢啦!, beContent=null, objectType=guider, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=565b2944162, createdName=宋旭萍1253494900, createdTime=Fri May 21 21:16:29 CST 2021, time=2021-05-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=948557, encodeId=645394855eed, content=临床常见疾病诊疗,学习, beContent=null, objectType=guider, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=85e02098808, createdName=ms6979315883460749, createdTime=Tue Mar 16 08:14:48 CST 2021, time=2021-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=907321, encodeId=405690e321bf, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=guider, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/05/13/9e868433697f9337bc9c6b44718fa935.jpg, createdBy=e0062060044, createdName=公冶花, createdTime=Sat Dec 12 16:22:16 CST 2020, time=2020-12-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-12-12 公冶花

    学习

    0

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