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Am J Med:抗生素也能导致这么高的低钠血症发生率?

2016-08-24 Moon 译 MedSci原创

复方新诺明(TMP-SMX)为磺胺类抗菌药,是磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)与甲氧苄啶(TMP)的复方制剂,对非产酶金黄色葡萄球菌、化脓性链球菌、肺炎链球菌、大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属、沙门菌属、变形杆菌属、摩根菌属、志贺菌属等肠杆菌科细菌、淋球菌、脑膜炎奈瑟菌、流感嗜血杆菌均具有良好抗菌作用,尤其对大肠埃希菌、流感嗜血杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌作用较SMZ单药明显增强。在临床上常使用高剂量的TMP-SMX治疗

复方新诺明(TMP-SMX)为磺胺类抗菌药,是磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)与甲氧苄啶(TMP)的复方制剂,对非产酶金黄色葡萄球菌、化脓性链球菌、肺炎链球菌、大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属、沙门菌属、变形杆菌属、摩根菌属、志贺菌属等肠杆菌科细菌、淋球菌、脑膜炎奈瑟菌、流感嗜血杆菌均具有良好抗菌作用,尤其对大肠埃希菌、流感嗜血杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌作用较SMZ单药明显增强。

在临床上常使用高剂量的TMP-SMX治疗卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎和其他感染。甲氧苄啶与保钾利尿剂阿米洛利结构相关,通过阻断远端肾单位上皮钠通道与高钾血症、低钠血症相关。不过使用高剂量TMP-SMZ治疗的住院患者其低钠血症发生率是未知的。

我们对2012年1月至2014年7年高剂量TMP-SMZ治疗的住院患者(n=235)进行了一项单中心回顾性分析。排除充血性心力衰竭、肝硬化、肾小球滤过率低于30ml/min/1.73m2、基线低钠血症、其他药物所致低钠血症的患者。低钠血症的定义为血清钠<136meq/L。

分析仅限于76名接受TMP超过8mg/kg/天且持续≥3天的患者。开始TMP-SMX治疗的平均血清钠为138.4 ± 2.1meq/L。55(72.3%)名患者在治疗过程中出现低钠血症,其中43.6%(n = 24)的患者血钠<130meq/L。最低点的平均血清钠为131.6 ± 5.1mEq/L。开始治疗后5.5天时低钠血症最为突出,非洲裔美国患者发展为更严的低钠血症。40%(22/55)发生低钠血症的患者有尿钠浓度相关数据,平均尿钠为104.8 ± 55.9mEq/L。低钠血症通常在停药三周内缓解。

使用高剂量TMP-SMZ治疗的住院患者有很高的低钠血症发生率(72.3%)。这是一个容易被忽视,且潜在可逆的低钠血症病因。

原始出处:

Tsapepas D.et al.Incidence of hyponatremia with high dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole exposure.Am J Med. 2016 Aug 16. pii: S0002-9343(16)30789-6. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.07.012. [Epub ahead of print]

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    2016-09-20 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章很好,非常有益

    0

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level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120214, encodeId=597f12021473, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120216, encodeId=82721202161a, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120221, encodeId=28ed12022196, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120218, encodeId=bf6012021889, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-12 舒心和人

    学习了,抗生素应用的学问很大,感谢分享

    0

  4. 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level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120214, encodeId=597f12021473, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), 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createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120218, encodeId=bf6012021889, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-10 1def6e10m76(暂无匿称)

    很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习

    0

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createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120218, encodeId=bf6012021889, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-10 1def6e10m76(暂无匿称)

    很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习

    0

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level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120214, encodeId=597f12021473, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120216, encodeId=82721202161a, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120221, encodeId=28ed12022196, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120218, encodeId=bf6012021889, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-10 1def6e10m76(暂无匿称)

    很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1826324, encodeId=bdf51826324a0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e5283e89970' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#发生率#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37899, encryptionId=e5283e89970, topicName=发生率)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Tue Dec 27 00:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=131638, encodeId=177a13163895, content=文章很好,非常有益, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Sep 20 22:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=123944, encodeId=e07012394436, content=学习了,抗生素应用的学问很大,感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160907/IMG57D00CF1965701770.jpg, createdBy=565c1948251, createdName=舒心和人, createdTime=Mon Sep 12 19:50:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120226, encodeId=8177120226ce, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120223, encodeId=aba31202230d, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120219, encodeId=9d1e12021936, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120214, encodeId=597f12021473, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), 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createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120218, encodeId=bf6012021889, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-10 1def6e10m76(暂无匿称)

    很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习

    0

  8. 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createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120223, encodeId=aba31202230d, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120219, encodeId=9d1e12021936, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120214, encodeId=597f12021473, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), 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createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=120218, encodeId=bf6012021889, content=很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTInOuicIVN8Y32NO4Q53Zpd86ObmNp2WIotichCD0qQHaUBeHj7hgwQBCzX7ce4aEw5ZP8icQQfLH9Zw/132, createdBy=4ec21734756, createdName=1def6e10m76(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 10 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-10 1def6e10m76(暂无匿称)

    很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习

    0

  9. 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    2016-09-10 1def6e10m76(暂无匿称)

    很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习

    0

  10. 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    2016-09-10 1def6e10m76(暂无匿称)

    很好的课程,学到很多,继续学习

    0

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