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胰岛素——医学史上永恒的奇迹

2015-06-16 北京大学第一医院内分泌科 高妍 :《药品评价》杂志

胰岛素的诞生 在18世纪,美国医生艾伦的饥饿疗法是当时唯一能延长糖尿病患者生命的方法。但由于这种疗法极端限制患者饮食、限制热卡的摄入,不仅严格限制碳水化合物,还严格控制蛋白质和脂肪等摄入。患者通常只能吃一些麸皮面包、用水煮过几次的青菜,这使得患者极端消瘦。因此很多患者在接受他的疗法后即使不病死也会被饿死。而且即使有效,也只能使患者的存活期从半年延长到两年。 直到一战后,加拿大医生Banti

胰岛素的诞生

在18世纪,美国医生艾伦的饥饿疗法是当时唯一能延长糖尿病患者生命的方法。但由于这种疗法极端限制患者饮食、限制热卡的摄入,不仅严格限制碳水化合物,还严格控制蛋白质和脂肪等摄入。患者通常只能吃一些麸皮面包、用水煮过几次的青菜,这使得患者极端消瘦。因此很多患者在接受他的疗法后即使不病死也会被饿死。而且即使有效,也只能使患者的存活期从半年延长到两年。

直到一战后,加拿大医生Banting在伦敦开设了诊所,同时还在伦敦附近的多伦多西部大学医学系工作。他于1921年与Best合作正式开始实验,把结扎胰管狗的胰腺取出,将萃取出的液体提取物直接注射到摘除了胰腺并有糖尿病症状的狗体内,证实了这种提取物具有降糖的效果。随后,在经历过无数次努力之后,用于人类治疗的“胰岛素”终于诞生,美国男孩泰德接受治疗后糖尿病症状得到缓解,糖尿病不再是“不治之症”。胰岛素作为当时糖尿病治疗的里程碑式的发现轰动了全世界。

胰岛素的发展与应用

自从1921年Banting和Best发现了胰岛素后,胰岛素的研究迅速发展。1936年长效胰岛素鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素(PZI)研制成功,1946年NPH胰岛素投入生产逐渐替代了PZI,并应用至今。1955年Sanger确定了胰岛素的氨基酸顺序,1959年Yalow和Berson发展了胰岛素的放射免疫测定,1979年Bell克隆了胰岛素基因,基因重组人胰岛素成为可能。1982年以后世界上第一支人工基因合成的大肠杆菌重组人胰岛素(优泌林)推出,酵母菌重组的人胰岛素随后相继上市,广泛用于糖尿病治疗。1993年有关1型糖尿病患者的DCCT研究结果公布,1997年2型糖尿病患者的UKPDS研究结果公布,更加促使人们认识到糖尿病患者血糖控制在减少糖尿病并发症中的重要性。几十年来人们对胰岛素的应用也积累了大量的临床经验和丰富的循证医学结果。

在相当一段时间里,人胰岛素为糖尿病患者带来极大好处,大大改善患者生活质量和延长寿命。然而还远不能满足医生和患者的需求。如短效胰岛素必须提前到进餐前半小时注射,其在血中药物浓度峰值还落后于生理进餐后体内胰岛素早期分泌的时间,不能很好控制进餐后糖尿病患者血糖的明显波动,如作用时间较长又易导致下餐前低血糖,而低血糖和体重增加是胰岛素使用的最大障碍。另外NPH胰岛素作用时间远不到24h,睡前注射不能控制次晨空腹血糖到理想水平,增加剂量又会导致午夜低血糖的发生,并且往往反而使次日早上血糖更高。1996年以后速效胰岛素类似物——赖脯及门冬胰岛素类似物的先后上市解决了这一难题。赖脯、门冬胰岛素餐前即可注射,胰岛素峰值基本模拟生理分泌,作用消失快,很少引起下次餐前低血糖,甚至餐后即刻注射也可达到人胰岛素餐前半小时注射的效果。长效类似物甘精胰岛素和地特胰岛素也分别于2000年和2004年上市。长效胰岛素类似物甘精胰岛素和地特胰岛素可达到真正的24h平稳长效,可更好地控制基础血糖,很少夜间低血糖,而且体重增加较少。

另外,人们还把短效和中长效胰岛素预混以减少注射次数方便患者,从而创造出了胰岛素预混剂型。不同比例的组合适应了不同人群的需要。类似物出现后,由于其更接近生理胰岛素分泌模式,所以很快被应用于预混胰岛素的制作,从而诞生了预混胰岛素类似物,其不仅可餐前即刻注射,更稳定和有效控制餐后血糖波动减少变异,减少下餐前低血糖,同时对基础血糖也有很好的控制效果。

胰岛素的个体化应用

胰岛素诞生到现在,已在全世界范围被广泛应用。如何更好地发挥胰岛素的优势,个体化治疗日益受到关注。各国也因此制定了相应的《指南》,促进胰岛素的应用和规范治疗。新版《中国2型糖尿病防治指南》根据循证证据和生理胰岛素分泌模式,以及中国糖尿病患者餐后血糖增高更为突出的特点。对胰岛素使用的推荐意见是:2型糖尿病患者在生活方式和口服降糖药联合治疗的基础上,如果HbA1c仍>7.0%,就应该应用胰岛素治疗。胰岛素治疗方案应该包括基础和餐时两部分胰岛素的补充。并且,新《指南》正式推荐预混胰岛素作为起始治疗方案。即根据患者的具体情况,起始胰岛素治疗可选用基础胰岛素或预混胰岛素。《指南》还推荐强化治疗可以采用多次皮下注射餐时-基础胰岛素或每日3次预混胰岛素类似物等方案,预混胰岛素类似物不仅可用于胰岛素起始治疗,也是胰岛素强化治疗的选择之一。与新的《ADA/EASD立场声明》强调以患者为中心一致。我国《指南》也强调:血糖控制目标应“因人而异”。对于需要胰岛素治疗的2型糖尿病患者,随着其B细胞处于不同病程阶段,其相应需要的胰岛素应对策略也有所不同,有效安全控糖,需要个体化的胰岛素治疗方案。

如DURABLE试验[1]就针对预混胰岛素(优泌乐25)和基础胰岛素(甘精胰岛素)两种起始治疗方案进行了比较。该研究为多国、多中心、随机、平行、开放性研究,选取2091例口服降糖药控制不佳(HbA1c>7.0%)的2型糖尿病患者,随机分两组分别应用优泌乐25(10IU BID,早晚餐前注射)或甘精胰岛素(10IU 早晚餐前或睡前1次注射)治疗。主要观察HbA1c水平,评价两种方案的持久性。结果显示,预混胰岛素方案达标率更高,所需胰岛素剂量略多于基础胰岛素,预混治疗方案持续达标更长久,夜间低血糖有减少趋势。而甘精组由于为了预防日间高血糖症而可能增加甘精胰岛素剂量,进而可能会提高夜间低血糖症的发生率。

由于2型糖尿病相关的代谢进行性恶化,B细胞功能不断下降,在启用胰岛素治疗后仍不能达标时强化胰岛素治疗是糖尿病治疗血糖达标的必要途径。目前最接近生理状况的强化胰岛素治疗是采用每日多次注射或采用胰岛素泵(持续皮下胰岛素注射)的基础-餐时胰岛素强化治疗,这些方法可以根据患者的血糖(BG)监测、饮食和活动情况,灵活掌握胰岛素剂量和注射时间。但执行和坚持这些方案需要患者和医务人员有很强的动力和额外的费用,还要有综合的患者宣教,让患者能得到培训和随访。因此,对于不需要、不愿意使用或未准备好接受强化胰岛素治疗方案的患者,实际上可以采用较简单的胰岛素治疗方案来替代。PARADIGM研究[2]证实了这一点。

PARADIGM研究是多中心随机开放4期临床试验,其目的在于验证,口服药控制欠佳的2型糖尿病患者,采用25%赖脯胰岛素和75%赖脯胰岛素鱼精蛋白混悬液即优泌乐75/25(LM75/25)方案,是否劣于基础甘精胰岛素+餐时优泌乐胰岛素强化治疗方案。符合入选条件的患者随机分为LM75/25方案:每日1次注射LM75/25起始,血糖控制不佳时增加LM75/25注射次数(2/d,3/d);或采用第二种方案:起始每日1次注射甘精胰岛素,血糖控制不佳时在此基础上加用赖脯胰岛素(1/d,2/d,3/d),进行48周的治疗。

通过比较基线到48周时HbA1c的变化来评估血糖的控制情况。结果显示,LM75/25治疗不劣于甘精胰岛素治疗(95%CI上限<0.4),两组HbA1c的平均差值在-0.04%(95%CI -0.25,0.17)。

结论:口服降糖药治疗血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者,启动并强化LM75/25(每日1、2、3次)治疗不劣于甘精胰岛素加赖脯胰岛素的血糖控制效果。预混胰岛素方案与基础-餐时治疗相比,预混胰岛素使用的给药系统方便,并可减少注射次数。

不同预混比例的预混胰岛素类似物适合不同人群的个体需要。如优泌乐50和门冬胰岛素50明显接近人体生理基础和餐时胰岛素分泌比例,适合餐后血糖升高的患者。

总结

综上所述,个体化目标需要个体化的胰岛素方案。对于需要胰岛素治疗的2型糖尿病患者,根据其B细胞所处的不同病程阶段,其相应需要的胰岛素应对策略也有所不同,需参考血糖控制临床获益与风险、成本与效益、可行性及患者意愿等而制定。

个体化治疗程序一般从饮食运动健康合理化开始,到口服降糖药单用或联用进而起始胰岛素治疗。《中国2型糖尿病防治指南》认为无论起始或强化胰岛素治疗,基础和预混胰岛素都是较好的选择。基础胰岛素与餐时胰岛素分别给药的方案灵活,但与基础-餐时治疗相比,预混胰岛素使用的给药系统方便,并可减少注射次数。采用不同比例预混胰岛素类似物从每晚1次注射开始,血糖不能满意控制时可改为每日2次,部分患者可能进一步需3次注射或基础-餐时(BBT)以至于胰岛素泵的QD→BID→TID三步胰岛素治疗方案。

胰岛素的研制开发不断进行,作用时间更长而稳定的长效胰岛素类似物以及更符合人体生理分泌模式的预混胰岛素不断问世,不仅在降糖疗效和安全性等方面更加理想,同时也为2型糖尿病的个体化治疗带来了更多更好的选择。

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    2015-09-25 baoya
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1749555, encodeId=a3e51e495555a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be7c8385345' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰岛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83853, encryptionId=be7c8385345, topicName=胰岛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a7a536274692, createdName=baoya, createdTime=Fri Sep 25 22:33:00 CST 2015, time=2015-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29284, encodeId=87e729284f5, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 23:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27816, encodeId=f19b2e81626, content=值得人看的医学史文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=202, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27817, encodeId=c0e42e8171e, content=!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=177, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27818, encodeId=7a592e81884, content=!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=155, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27819, encodeId=f9bc2e819ee, content=!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=161, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27820, encodeId=bd492e8203c, content=!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27815, encodeId=f8142e8155e, content=真的是历史悠久!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27802, encodeId=79002e802a2, content=胰岛素就像青霉素一样历史悠久, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d031628224, createdName=huangsong808, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 16:48:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-25 huaxipanxing

    看看

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1749555, encodeId=a3e51e495555a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be7c8385345' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰岛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83853, encryptionId=be7c8385345, topicName=胰岛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a7a536274692, createdName=baoya, createdTime=Fri Sep 25 22:33:00 CST 2015, time=2015-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29284, encodeId=87e729284f5, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 23:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27816, encodeId=f19b2e81626, content=值得人看的医学史文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=202, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27817, encodeId=c0e42e8171e, content=!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=177, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27818, encodeId=7a592e81884, content=!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=155, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27819, encodeId=f9bc2e819ee, content=!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=161, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27820, encodeId=bd492e8203c, content=!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27815, encodeId=f8142e8155e, content=真的是历史悠久!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27802, encodeId=79002e802a2, content=胰岛素就像青霉素一样历史悠久, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d031628224, createdName=huangsong808, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 16:48:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-16 summer474cn

    值得人看的医学史文章

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1749555, encodeId=a3e51e495555a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be7c8385345' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰岛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83853, encryptionId=be7c8385345, topicName=胰岛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a7a536274692, createdName=baoya, createdTime=Fri Sep 25 22:33:00 CST 2015, time=2015-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29284, encodeId=87e729284f5, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 23:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27816, encodeId=f19b2e81626, content=值得人看的医学史文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=202, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27817, encodeId=c0e42e8171e, content=!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=177, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27818, encodeId=7a592e81884, content=!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=155, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27819, encodeId=f9bc2e819ee, content=!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=161, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27820, encodeId=bd492e8203c, content=!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27815, encodeId=f8142e8155e, content=真的是历史悠久!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27802, encodeId=79002e802a2, content=胰岛素就像青霉素一样历史悠久, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d031628224, createdName=huangsong808, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 16:48:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-16 summer474cn

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1749555, encodeId=a3e51e495555a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be7c8385345' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰岛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83853, encryptionId=be7c8385345, topicName=胰岛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a7a536274692, createdName=baoya, createdTime=Fri Sep 25 22:33:00 CST 2015, time=2015-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29284, encodeId=87e729284f5, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 23:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27816, encodeId=f19b2e81626, content=值得人看的医学史文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=202, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27817, encodeId=c0e42e8171e, content=!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=177, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27818, encodeId=7a592e81884, content=!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=155, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27819, encodeId=f9bc2e819ee, content=!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=161, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27820, encodeId=bd492e8203c, content=!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27815, encodeId=f8142e8155e, content=真的是历史悠久!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 18:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27802, encodeId=79002e802a2, content=胰岛素就像青霉素一样历史悠久, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d031628224, createdName=huangsong808, createdTime=Tue Jun 16 16:48:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-16 summer474cn

    0

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    2015-06-16 summer474cn

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    2015-06-16 summer474cn

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    2015-06-16 summer474cn

    真的是历史悠久!

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    2015-06-16 huangsong808

    胰岛素就像青霉素一样历史悠久

    0

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