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European Heart Journal:华人团队大规模研究证实,加盐越多,死的越早

2022-07-13 生物世界 生物世界

该研究首次评估了在食物中额外添加盐与过早死亡风险和预期寿命之间的关系,并提供了新的证据表明,在食物中额外添加盐的频率越高,心血管疾病死亡率和癌症死亡率的风险越高。

,是平常饮食中最不可缺少的调味品,除了让食物更有风味,还是保证人体正常生理功能所必不可少的物质。但凡是过犹不及,许多研究证明了长期过量摄入食盐会加重肝脏和肾脏负担,增加心脑血管疾病和癌症风险。

普通食盐主要成分为氯化钠(NaCl),过量摄入钠盐容易引发高血压和心脑血管疾病。而在中国,由于饮食习惯,导致中国人的钠摄入量是世界卫生组织(WHO)建议摄入量的两倍多。统计表明,70岁以下的中国人中,近30%的致命性中风可归因于高钠摄入。

吃饭的时候,随手拿起桌上的盐瓶往食物中额外添加一些盐是一种比较常见的行为,这与个体对咸味食物的长期偏好和习惯性的盐摄入量直接相关。

但一项最新研究提醒,下回再这样做的时候要三思了,因为经常在饭菜中添加额外的盐分与过早死亡风险较高和预期寿命减少有关

2022年7月10日,杜兰大学陆奇教授领导的研究团队在 《欧洲心脏杂志》(European Heart Journal)上发表了题为:Adding salt to foods and hazard of premature mortality 的研究论文。

该研究首次评估了在食物中额外添加盐与过早死亡风险和预期寿命之间的关系,并提供了新的证据表明,在食物中额外添加盐的频率越高,心血管疾病死亡率和癌症死亡率的风险越高。而且,在食物中额外添加盐的频率较高还会减少预期寿命。因此,减少在食物中添加额外的盐分,即适度减少钠摄入量可能会带来巨大的健康益处。

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众所周知,重口味(过量摄入盐)不仅是高血压、心血管疾病、胃病、骨质疏松等疾病的重要风险因素,而且还会严重破坏免疫细胞的能量平衡,最终危害健康。

在这项新研究中,为了分析了在食物中添加盐的频率与过早死亡风险和预期寿命之间的关系,研究人员纳入了英国生物样本库(BioBank)中501379名参与者的数据。在2006年至2010年的研究期间,参与者通过填写一份是否在食物中额外添加盐的调查问卷,他们被问到:“你在食物中会添加盐吗(不包括烹饪过程中添加的盐)?”

参与者从五个选项中选择一个答案:“从不/很少”、“有时”、“经常”、“总是”,以及“不愿回答”。

此外,参与者还通过基线问卷被问及“在过去 5 年中,你是否对饮食习惯做出了重大改变”。然后从以下五个选项中选择一个答案:“否”、“是的”、“因为生病”、“是的,因为其他原因”,以及“不愿回答”。

不愿回答问卷的参与者未被纳入分析。其他可能影响结果的因素,包括性别、种族、贫困、身体质量指数(BMI)、吸烟、酒精摄入、运动量、饮食和医疗条件,如糖尿病、癌症和心脏及心血管疾病均已被考虑在内。

此外,他们还收集了参与者基线时的尿液(随机采集)样本,并使用一般线性模型来评估向食物中添加盐的频率与尿钠、尿钾浓度或估计的24小时钠排泄量之间的关系。

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研究人员对参与者进行了平均9年的随访。过早死亡被定义为在75岁之前死亡。

他们发现,在食物中额外添加盐的频率越高,心血管疾病死亡率和癌症死亡率的风险越高。在心血管疾病死亡率亚组,他们发现在食物中添加盐的频率较高与中风死亡率的较高风险显著相关,但与冠心病死亡率风险无关。

在食物中额外添加盐的频率较高还减少了预期寿命。研究人员估计,在50岁时,与从不/很少在食物中额外添加盐的女性相比,经常在食物中额外添加盐的女性平均预期寿命减少了1.50年;而经常额外添加盐的男性平均预期寿命减少了2.28年。在60岁时,女性和男性相应的预期寿命分别减少了1.37年和2.04年。

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除了发现经常在食物中添加盐会增加各种原因导致的过早死亡风险和预期寿命减少外,研究人员还发现,在水果和蔬菜摄入量最高的人群中,这些风险会略有降低,尽管该结果在统计上并不显著。

该研究通讯作者陆奇教授表示,对这一发现并不感到惊讶,因为水果和蔬菜是钾的主要来源,钾具有预防心脏病和糖尿病等代谢性疾病的保护作用,这与降低过早死亡的风险有关。

他补充道,因为这项研究是第一次报告在食物中额外添加盐和死亡率之间的关系。因此,在提出建议之前,还需要进一步的研究来验证这些发现。

哥德堡大学的高级研究员 Annika Rosengren 教授同期发表了一篇题为:Salt: the sweet spot?的评论文章。

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她指出,虽然一些健康建议非常直截了当,例如戒烟有益健康,但对于盐来说,存在一个最佳水平。世界卫生组织 (WHO) 建议成年人每天摄入的盐不超过5克。因此,这意味着不能从饮食中完全戒掉盐;而且对于任何特定个体来说,很难精确地指出健康的 "甜蜜点"。

Annika Rosengren 教授表示,到目前为止,关于盐的大量证据似乎表明,健康人摄入正常水平的盐就可以,不需要太担心盐的摄入量。对于这一群体来说,用富含水果和蔬菜的饮食来平衡盐的摄入应该是一个优先事项。然而,对于那些心脏病高风险人群而言,应该减少盐的摄入量。不在已经准备好的食物中添加额外的盐是实现这一目标的方法之一。 

论文链接:

https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac208

https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac336

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    2022-09-11 feather89
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    2023-05-07 ylz8403
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    2022-07-15 slcumt
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