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酒精性肝炎:症状、诊断及管理

2016-10-21 MedSci MedSci原创

酒精性肝炎是一种长期大量摄入酒精导致的进行性炎症性肝损伤综合征。其发病机制尚不完全清楚。酒精性肝炎患者的症状通常为非特异性症状,如恶心、不适和低烧。症状和体征严重的酒精性肝炎患者亚急性起病,可出现发热、肝肿大、白细胞增多、肝功能明显受损(例如,黄疸,凝血功能障碍),并出现门静脉高压症(如腹水、肝性脑病、食管静脉曲张破裂出血)。轻微的酒精性肝炎通常不引起任何症状。显微镜下检查,肝细胞中央小叶气球

酒精性肝炎是一种长期大量摄入酒精导致的进行性炎症性肝损伤综合征。其发病机制尚不完全清楚。酒精性肝炎患者的症状通常为非特异性症状,如恶心、不适和低烧。

症状和体征

严重的酒精性肝炎患者亚急性起病,可出现发热、肝肿大、白细胞增多、肝功能明显受损(例如,黄疸,凝血功能障碍),并出现门静脉高压症(如腹水、肝性脑病、食管静脉曲张破裂出血)。

轻微的酒精性肝炎通常不引起任何症状。

显微镜下检查,肝细胞中央小叶气球样变、中性粒细胞浸润,可见巨大线粒体和Mallory小体。

体格检查

• 酒精性肝炎患者通常出现发热性心动过速。可观察到轻度呼吸急促与原发性呼吸性碱中毒,肝脏肿大,通常有轻度肝压痛。

• 肝衰竭或门静脉高压症的表现可能包括巩膜黄染、深色尿液、脾肿大、扑翼样震颤、外周水肿、腹部膨出并伴转移性浊音(提示存在腹水)。

• 可能观察到蜘蛛痣、近端肌肉萎缩、男性乳房发育症,这些结果往往反映合并肝硬化。

酒精性肝炎的诊断

具有酒精滥用史、典型症状及体检结果、肝脏受损证据的患者,一般不需要进一步的诊断。针对轻微酒精性肝炎患者,天冬氨酸转氨酶 (AST) 水平轻度升高,可能是唯一的诊断线索。

研究表明,血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)是酒精性肝炎的一个准确的标记(敏感性,41%;特异性,99%;阳性预测值[ PPV ],98%;阴性预测值[NPV] ,88%)。

酒精性肝炎的诊断很少需要影像学检查,但影像学检查可以用于排除其他的肝脏疾病病因。超声检查因其成本低、无创性和广泛可及性成为首选方式;腹部计算机断层扫描(CT)扫描或磁共振成像(MRI)也可获得相同的的信息;但是,这2种影像学检测价格昂贵。疑似癌症时,CT扫描和磁共振成像的诊断敏感性和准确性高于超声检查。

酒精性肝炎患者精神状态的改变并不总是意味着肝性脑病的存在。其他条件(如,硬膜下血肿)应通过计算机断层扫描 (CT) 进行排除。

酒精性肝炎的管理

大多数酒精性肝炎患者的病情较轻。短期预后良好,无需特殊治疗,住院治疗并不总是必要的。必须停止摄入酒精,并应注意保证良好的营养;补充维生素和矿物质,包括叶酸、硫胺素。

与此相反,严重的急性酒精性肝炎患者的早期死亡风险较高,30天内死亡率为50%或更高。针对酒精性肝炎患者,针对减少肝损伤,促进肝再生,并抑制炎症的治疗方法可带来短期获益。从长远来看,治疗目标包括改善肝功能、预防进展为肝硬化和减少死亡率。只有长期的戒酒才能带来获益。

戒酒

戒酒是最主要和最基本的治疗措施。一般来说,戒酒6-12个月后可改善预后及肝脏损伤的组织学,降低门脉压力,减少纤维化的进程,随后几年可继续改善并提高各阶段酒精性肝病患者的生存率。需注意,酒精依赖者戒酒过程中常常发生酒精戒断综合征,多呈急性发作过程。

饮食与营养支持

对于轻度酒精性肝炎患者,适当的饮食为含有100g/天的蛋白质。营养不良是导致AH高死亡率的原因之一。在评估和治疗酒精戒断症状后,补充营养和电解质是治疗的关键环节。补充多种维生素和矿物质,包括叶酸、硫胺素。腹水患者可能需要限制盐的摄入。

泼尼松龙和己酮可可碱

泼尼松龙和己酮可可碱被推荐用于治疗重症酒精性肝炎,但它们的收益仍然存在不确定性。己酮可可碱用于酒精性肝炎的治疗获益是由Akriviadis及其同事进行的一项随机试验证实,研究共纳入101例严重酒精性肝炎患者,18例患者随机分配至接受己酮可可碱治疗组或安慰剂组。己酮可可碱组和对照组的短期死亡率分别为24.5%和46%。两组的TNF-α水平没有显著差异。对照组中22人死亡,与肝肾综合征(HRS)相关,己酮可可碱组6人死亡。己酮可可碱的主要优势在于预防易感人群的肝肾综合征(HRS)。

一项类固醇或己酮可可碱用于酒精性肝炎研究(STOPAH)纳入了1103例受试者,研究结果显示,类固醇泼尼松龙降低严重酒精性肝炎患者的28天死亡率,而口服己酮可可碱并没有降低死亡率。然而,泼尼松龙的效益并没有超出28天;两种治疗方法的1年死亡率无明显差异。使用泼尼松龙治疗的患者病死率为13.9%。

肝移植

药物治疗失败的严重酒精性肝炎患者的管理提出了严峻的挑战。原位肝移植被广泛应用于终末期肝病患者。一项具有里程碑意义的研究中,Mathurin及其同事证实了,肝移植受者的六个月生存率为77±8%,未接受移植的对照组的数据为23±8%(P<0.001)。24个月的生存率差异也比较显著(移植组和非移植组的数据分别为71±9%和23±8%,P<0.001)。

总的来说,酒精性肝炎具有显著的发病率和死亡率,建议所有的酒精性肝炎患者停止摄入酒精,并提供足够的营养。凡符合严重酒精性肝炎标准的患者可考虑接受泼尼松龙治疗,且所有药物治疗失败的严重AH患者应该考虑肝移植。

原始出处:

Alcoholic Hepatitis:clinical presentation,Physical Examination,Diagnose and Managment.Medscape.

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    2016-10-25 雅文博武

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    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1673273, encodeId=0f4b16e32732c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=757b954e922' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#酒精性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95479, encryptionId=757b954e922, topicName=酒精性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=398f26933958, createdName=huiwelcome, createdTime=Tue Feb 21 02:45:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=151057, encodeId=a92515105ea8, content=不错学习到不少新知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161027/IMG58114E1818EA51495.jpg, createdBy=4b2c1959822, createdName=雅文博武, createdTime=Tue Oct 25 09:34:10 CST 2016, time=2016-10-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1540350, encodeId=ad6d154035012, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9aa195483ab' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#酒精性肝炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95483, encryptionId=9aa195483ab, topicName=酒精性肝炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5b1413208885, createdName=xue8606, createdTime=Sun Oct 23 04:45:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=150433, encodeId=5b41150433af, content=实用,男同胞借签, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Oct 22 21:37:17 CST 2016, time=2016-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=150119, encodeId=88de150119d1, content=预防很重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=132, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161003/IMG57F1CE4724D2E2574.jpg, createdBy=c2eb1960303, createdName=drmike, createdTime=Fri Oct 21 14:36:01 CST 2016, time=2016-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=150111, encodeId=bdf715011151, content=早诊断最重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160923/IMG57E54D670B3C08868.jpg, createdBy=e90b1956497, createdName=Carlos007, createdTime=Fri Oct 21 14:31:15 CST 2016, time=2016-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-22 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    实用,男同胞借签

    0

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    2016-10-21 drmike

    预防很重要

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1673273, encodeId=0f4b16e32732c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=757b954e922' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#酒精性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95479, encryptionId=757b954e922, topicName=酒精性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=398f26933958, createdName=huiwelcome, createdTime=Tue Feb 21 02:45:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=151057, encodeId=a92515105ea8, content=不错学习到不少新知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161027/IMG58114E1818EA51495.jpg, createdBy=4b2c1959822, createdName=雅文博武, createdTime=Tue Oct 25 09:34:10 CST 2016, time=2016-10-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1540350, encodeId=ad6d154035012, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9aa195483ab' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#酒精性肝炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95483, encryptionId=9aa195483ab, topicName=酒精性肝炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5b1413208885, createdName=xue8606, createdTime=Sun Oct 23 04:45:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=150433, encodeId=5b41150433af, content=实用,男同胞借签, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Oct 22 21:37:17 CST 2016, time=2016-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=150119, encodeId=88de150119d1, content=预防很重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=132, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161003/IMG57F1CE4724D2E2574.jpg, createdBy=c2eb1960303, createdName=drmike, createdTime=Fri Oct 21 14:36:01 CST 2016, time=2016-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=150111, encodeId=bdf715011151, content=早诊断最重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160923/IMG57E54D670B3C08868.jpg, createdBy=e90b1956497, createdName=Carlos007, createdTime=Fri Oct 21 14:31:15 CST 2016, time=2016-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-21 Carlos007

    早诊断最重要

    0

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