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三十年磨一剑 北京协和女性生殖道畸形诊疗技术不断跃升

2019-07-11 赵广娜 健康界

女性生殖道畸形是指女性生殖器在形成、分化过程中,受到遗传因素,如基因或染色体异常等,或环境因素,如使用性激素药物等的影响造成的生殖道发育异常,如各型子宫畸形、阴道闭锁、处女膜闭锁、阴道斜隔综合征、MRKH综合征等。由于该病患者一般在青春期后发现自己患病,再加上这类疾病不是常见病,医患双方都缺少必要的认识,因此目前国内对女性生殖道畸形的诊疗水平普遍偏低,容易误诊误治,且手术风险大、并发症多,治疗

女性生殖道畸形是指女性生殖器在形成、分化过程中,受到遗传因素,如基因或染色体异常等,或环境因素,如使用性激素药物等的影响造成的生殖道发育异常,如各型子宫畸形、阴道闭锁、处女膜闭锁、阴道斜隔综合征、MRKH综合征等。

由于该病患者一般在青春期后发现自己患病,再加上这类疾病不是常见病,医患双方都缺少必要的认识,因此目前国内对女性生殖道畸形的诊疗水平普遍偏低,容易误诊误治,且手术风险大、并发症多,治疗难度较大,有些不必要的手术和器官切除是在生殖器官畸形处理中特别值得提出的警示问题。

30余年北京协和医院女性生殖道畸形诊疗技术水平不断跃升

北京协和医院作为全国疑难病证诊疗中心,每年接诊的生殖道畸形患者数目在全国各医院中居首位,在生殖道畸形的诊断和治疗方面积累了丰富的临床经验。从上世纪80年代开始,协和就已经开展女性生殖道畸形诊疗,至今已三十余年,可谓“三十年磨一剑”。1983年1月至2013年10月,协和共收治先天性女性生殖道发育畸形1563例。

其中,2009-2013年收治600余例,几乎是既往25年收治患者的总和。随着病例和临床经验的增加,协和对女性生殖道畸形的诊疗技术和理论水平日益提高,尤其是在先天性无子宫无阴道(MRKH综合征)、阴道斜隔综合症(HWWS综合征)、疑难罕见复杂生殖道畸形的诊疗上,形成了较为丰富的研究成果。

生物补片法人工阴道成形术治疗MRKH综合征成功率100%

MRKH综合征亦称先天性无子宫无阴道,俗称“石女”,是指先天性无子宫以及阴道缺失。其发病率大约为1/4000-5000个活出生女婴,我国此类患者并不在少数。此病的表现是原发闭经,无周期性下腹痛。检查可见患者体格、第二性征以及外阴发育正常,但无阴道口,或仅在前庭后部见一浅凹。常伴子宫发育不良(无子宫或始基子宫)。有患者伴有泌尿道发育异常,个别伴有脊椎异常。

MRKH综合征的治疗方法包括顶压法、羊膜代阴道、腹膜代阴道以及结肠代阴道法等。近年来,协和医院在国内率先采用组织工程技术的临床转化应用,开展了生物补片法人工阴道成形术,体表无切口患者私密性好,术后并发症少,成功率可达100%。

该技术已在全国数十家三级甲等或医学院附属医院得到推广。此外,协和妇产科还开展了基于组织工程技术人工阴道成形术后的性生活质量研究,以及在组织再生、细胞活性、组织力学等方面,对生物补片阴道成形的生物学基础进行动物实验及基础研究,相关研究成果在国际妇科泌尿年会大会发言和刊登在性医学的顶级杂志《Journal of sexual medicine》,得到国际认可。

我院最早对HWWS综合征统一命名和分型

阴道斜隔综合征,又称HWWS综合征,是指双子宫、双宫颈、双阴道,一侧阴道完全或不完全闭锁的先天性畸形,多伴闭锁阴道侧泌尿系畸形,以肾缺如多见,因阴道斜隔的存在,使得该侧的子宫内的经血无法排出或排出不畅。这个病的表现是发病年龄较轻,月经周期正常,有痛经及一侧下腹痛,部分患者表现为月经间期阴道少量褐色分泌物或陈旧血淋漓不净,脓性分泌物有臭味。

因其发病率低,国外仅有个案或少数病例报道,目前国内外尚无关于阴道斜隔综合征病因学方面的研究。我院最早在国内对该病进行了统一命名和分型。早在1985年,我院在《中华妇产科杂志》发表论着,首次提出“阴道斜隔综合征(oblique septum of vagina)”这一命名名词,在国内统一了该综合征的名称,较国外使用的Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWWS)、双子宫双阴道一侧阴道闭锁伴闭锁侧肾缺如综合征(Duplicated uterus, Obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomaly syndrome),更简明形象,便于记忆和应用。

鉴于该病的临床特点,我院创造性地将其分为三种分型,即Ⅰ型:无孔斜隔型;Ⅱ型:有孔斜隔型;Ⅲ型:无孔斜隔合并宫颈瘘管型;近年又发现总结出第4种新亚型(Ⅳ型:宫颈闭锁型)。这四种分型有利于临床上识别该综合征的各种临床表现,并制定个体化的手术方案,已得到国内妇产科界的广泛认可,并已写入协和八年制妇产科教材。此外,我院还依据阴道斜隔综合征患者的病变特点,提出了阴道及宫颈与泌尿生殖道胚胎发育的病因新理论。

对疑难罕见复杂生殖道畸形诊治上独树一帜

Ⅱ型阴道闭锁(合并宫颈闭锁及发育不良)及单纯宫颈发育异常患者,由于闭锁难于打通,或贯通后容易再次粘连,患者痛经症状重,常合并严重的子宫内膜异位症,严重影响青少年生活质量。既往及其他医院对此类患者通常需切除子宫。

协和医院开创性地将应用各种支架用于宫颈闭锁贯通再通术,已为多例患者成功解除梗阻、恢复月经正常来潮。在女性生殖道畸形的治疗上,协和医院最大化地体现了国际上保护功能、保留生育的方向和理念,经我院治疗的绝大多数患者保留了生育和生理功能。

生殖道畸形患者血液标本库的建立

此外,基于多年积累的病例,目前协和医院已建立了生殖道畸形患者血液标本库,并已完善患者相应的临床资料以及随访观察资料,既有利于病人的随诊和治疗、远期愈后、生活质量的全面评估,又可通过对大样本的回顾性及前瞻性研究,为生殖道畸形病因研究提供长期、系统的研究基础和关键性线索,促进生殖道畸形研究在横、纵方向更深入地发展。

医院将继续探索微创手术等更加适宜的治疗方法,并依托于作为国家重点实验室的北京协和医学院医学遗传实验室, 深入开展先天性无子宫无阴道等生殖道畸形疾病病因学方面的研究,力争通过对较大样本量的中国女性生殖道畸形患者的研究发现有意义的遗传改变,进而减少生殖道畸形的发病率,减轻个人、家庭及社会负担,造福患者。

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