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关于舒张性心衰:你应该知道的

2016-06-09 郭艺芳 郭艺芳心前沿

心室的收缩与舒张是心动周期中互相依赖的两个过程,收缩功能或舒张功能异常均可能使心脏排血量降低并导致心力衰竭。虽然多年以前我们便认识到左心室舒张功能异常可能是导致心脏排血量降低的一种病理生理机制,但长期以来我们更多关注的是因心室收缩功能障碍所致的收缩性心衰,而对于舒张性心衰的病理生理机制以及诊疗策略却所知很少。然而研究资料显示,在临床实践中因心室舒张功能障碍所导致的心衰占患者总数的50%左右,其

心室的收缩与舒张是心动周期中互相依赖的两个过程,收缩功能或舒张功能异常均可能使心脏排血量降低并导致心力衰竭。虽然多年以前我们便认识到左心室舒张功能异常可能是导致心脏排血量降低的一种病理生理机制,但长期以来我们更多关注的是因心室收缩功能障碍所致的收缩性心衰,而对于舒张性心衰的病理生理机制以及诊疗策略却所知很少。然而研究资料显示,在临床实践中因心室舒张功能障碍所导致的心衰占患者总数的50%左右,其预后与收缩性心衰相似,但猝死的发生率更为常见。因此,在临床实践工作中应充分重视舒张性心衰的诊断与治疗。


迄今对于因心室舒张功能障碍所导致的心力衰竭尚无统一的命名,不同学者与学术机构采用了多种不同的名称描述这种临床现象,例如舒张性心力衰竭、舒张期心力衰竭、左室收缩功能正常的心力衰竭、左室收缩功能完好的心力衰竭、左室射血分数正常的心力衰竭、左室射血分数保留的心力衰竭等等。总的来讲,这些名称均用于描述具有心衰的症状与体征但左室射血分数≥45%一组症候群。


目前对于舒张性心衰尚缺乏公认的诊断标准。一般认为诊断舒张性心衰需具备以下条件:1、具有心衰的症状和/或体征;2、左室收缩功能正常或轻度异常(左室射血分数≥45 - 50%);3、具有左室舒张功能异常的证据;4、除外心脏瓣膜病、心肌病(限制型或肥厚型)、心包炎等相关疾病。近来一些专家建议将BNP和/或NT-ProBNP升高作为诊断舒张性心衰的必要条件之一。然而,在临床工作中,上述诊断标准只能被视为一种重要的参考指标,确定舒张性心衰的诊断尚需全面结合患者的临床特征,对老年患者尤为如此。首先,由于老年患者(特别是肥胖者)体能储备常显著降低,活动后心悸、气短的症状较为常见,与心衰的症状常常不易鉴别;其次,部分老年人(特别是日常体力活动较少或长期卧床者)在初诊时可以闻及少量湿性罗音,这种罗音许多属于生理性的,经过咳嗽或数次深呼吸后可能消失。也有一些患者因肺间质病变可长期存在类似湿性罗音的高调爆裂音,故在听诊时需注意鉴别,以免误认为心衰的体征;第三、随着年龄增长,多数老年人特别是高龄老年人行超声心动图检查时可发现部分反映舒张功能的指标受损,因此在老年人群中这些指标的诊断价值有所下降;第四、年龄也是影响BNP或NT-ProBNP水平的重要因素,健康老年人的BNP或NT-ProBNP水平也可以出现一定程度的升高。如果并存肾功能损害,BNP或NT-ProBNP升高的幅度可能会更为显著。更为重要的是,目前关于BNP或NT-ProBNP检测在舒张性心衰中的诊断价值尚有争议。目前一些学者或学术机构所推荐的用于诊断舒张性心衰的BNP或NT-ProBNP的界值借鉴的是收缩性心衰的诊断标准。由于舒张性心衰与收缩性心衰的病理生理机制有所不同,这些指标在舒张性心衰中是否具有相同的诊断价值、以及采用相同的诊断界值是否合理均有待于更多研究探讨。鉴于上述因素,在临床工作中需要更为细致的鉴别并全面分析患者的病情,以免对舒张性心衰过度诊断与治疗。


超声心动图是诊断舒张性心衰的重要手段,可以为临床诊断提供许多有价值的信息。对于存在舒张功能异常的患者,超声心动图检查时可以表现为以下三种情况:


1.心肌松弛“受损”的图像:表现为跨二尖瓣E峰减低,代偿性A峰增高,因此E/A比值降低被视为左室舒张功能异常的早期表现;


2.在左心房压力升高的患者(左室顺应性下降、容量负荷过重或二尖瓣关闭不全时),超声心动图可表现为“限制性充盈”的图像,此时E峰增高,E峰减速期缩短,因而E/A比值显着增加;


3.介于心肌松弛障碍和限制性充盈之间的患者可能表现为“假性正常化”的充盈图像,E/A比值和E波减速时间均正常。此时需要结合其它超声学指标(如肺静脉血流或组织多普勒)与正常充盈图像相鉴别。


由于过去数十年中,对于心衰的研究主要集中在左室收缩功能异常方面,目前对于舒张性心衰的治疗尚缺乏有效措施。因此,在舒张性心衰的防治策略中更应该重视“源头干预”与“上游防治”。高血压是导致左室舒张功能异常的最常见原因,其次为肥胖与糖尿病。在患者尚未发生心脏功能异常的阶段,及时有效的控制相关危险因素将有助于最大程度的避免或延缓左室舒张功能障碍的发生。对于已经发生舒张性心衰者,目前尚无肯定性的治疗措施,故临床上多参照收缩性心衰的的治疗策略。除了继续努力控制高血压、肥胖、糖尿病以及心肌缺血等危险因素外,对于伴有体液潴留的患者可应用利尿剂,以缓解患者临床症状。b-受体阻滞剂对于舒张性心衰的治疗价值尚缺乏证据。虽然洋地黄类药物有助于缓解收缩性心衰的临床症状,但由于其病理生理机制的不同,多数学者不主张将这类药物用于舒张性心衰患者。


RAS系统激活在收缩性心衰的病理生理机制中起着重要作用,应用ACEI或ARB类药物可以显著改善患者预后,因而被视为治疗收缩性心衰的核心药物。为探讨RAS系统阻滞剂(ACEI与ARB)在舒张性心衰中的治疗地位,近年来先后完成了三项大型临床试验(CHARM-Preserved, PEP-CHF, 以及I-Preserve)。虽然这些研究均未显示ARB或ACEI类药物可显著降低主要终点事件发生率,但可有效减少部分二级终点(例如因心力衰竭住院)的发生,加之这些药物(特别是ARB)具有良好的安全性与耐受性,故在获取更多证据之前,RAS阻滞剂仍可用于舒张性心衰的常规治疗。


总之,目前我们对于舒张性心衰的了解尚且很少,今后应加强相关研究,以尽早确定统一的诊断标准,并探讨最佳治疗策略。在此之前,我们应更加重视对高血压、肥胖、糖尿病等危险因素的早期防治,在疾病早期阶段阻遏舒张性心衰的发生。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1391775, encodeId=efea1391e7524, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2b1b865914c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#舒张性心衰#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86591, encryptionId=2b1b865914c, topicName=舒张性心衰)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/B389FA68ECBF51BE2FE14093CF61F6AE/100, createdBy=eb8e2500096, createdName=夏天与十三菇凉, createdTime=Sat Jun 11 10:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89402, encodeId=98c689402f4, content=涨姿势, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=181, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=044375165, createdName=sygao2002, createdTime=Sat Jun 11 09:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89397, encodeId=72538939eb2, content=非常好,认真学习中, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=181, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210704/cdd1076905df433c93873ae6d3d51aef/eae5c73864694494acb8435eb7d2e9bb.jpg, createdBy=ec7b92572, createdName=lshanp, createdTime=Sat Jun 11 09:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89303, encodeId=1c9789303df, content=已经学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=141, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sat Jun 11 07:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89304, encodeId=371a89304f5, content=这个不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=152, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sat Jun 11 07:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-11 sygao2002

    涨姿势

    0

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    2016-06-11 lshanp

    非常好,认真学习中

    0

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    2016-06-11 milkshark

    已经学习

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1391775, encodeId=efea1391e7524, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2b1b865914c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#舒张性心衰#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86591, encryptionId=2b1b865914c, topicName=舒张性心衰)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/B389FA68ECBF51BE2FE14093CF61F6AE/100, createdBy=eb8e2500096, createdName=夏天与十三菇凉, createdTime=Sat Jun 11 10:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89402, encodeId=98c689402f4, content=涨姿势, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=181, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=044375165, createdName=sygao2002, createdTime=Sat Jun 11 09:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89397, encodeId=72538939eb2, content=非常好,认真学习中, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=181, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210704/cdd1076905df433c93873ae6d3d51aef/eae5c73864694494acb8435eb7d2e9bb.jpg, createdBy=ec7b92572, createdName=lshanp, createdTime=Sat Jun 11 09:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89303, encodeId=1c9789303df, content=已经学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=141, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sat Jun 11 07:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89304, encodeId=371a89304f5, content=这个不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=152, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sat Jun 11 07:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-11 milkshark

    这个不错

    0

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关于舒张性心衰:你应该知道的

心室的收缩与舒张是心动周期中互相依赖的两个过程,收缩功能或舒张功能异常均可能使心脏排血量降低并导致心力衰竭。虽然多年以前我们便认识到左心室舒张功能异常可能是导致心脏排血量降低的一种病理生理机制,但长期以来我们更多关注的是因心室收缩功能障碍所致的收缩性心衰,而对于舒张性心衰的病理生理机制以及诊疗策略却所知很少。然而研究资料显示,在临床实践中因心室舒张功能障碍所导致的心衰占患者总数的50%左右,其

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