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Anal Chem:新方法对核酸扩增反应进行高灵敏度检测

2017-01-04 佚名 生物谷

聚合酶链式反应(PCR)是一种用于放大扩增特定的DNA片段的分子生物学技术,它可看作是生物体外的特殊DNA复制,PCR的最大特点,是能将微量的DNA大幅增加。由1983年美国Mullis首先提出设想,1985年由其发明了聚合酶链反应,即简易DNA扩增法,意味着PCR技术的真正诞生。 PCR是利用DNA在体外摄氏95°高温时变性会变成单链,低温(经常是60°C左右)时引物与单链按碱基互补配


聚合酶链式反应(PCR)是一种用于放大扩增特定的DNA片段的分子生物学技术,它可看作是生物体外的特殊DNA复制,PCR的最大特点,是能将微量的DNA大幅增加。由1983年美国Mullis首先提出设想,1985年由其发明了聚合酶链反应,即简易DNA扩增法,意味着PCR技术的真正诞生。

PCR是利用DNA在体外摄氏95°高温时变性会变成单链,低温(经常是60°C左右)时引物与单链按碱基互补配对的原则结合,再调温度至DNA聚合酶最适反应温度(72°C左右),DNA聚合酶沿着磷酸到五碳糖(5'-3')的方向合成互补链。基于聚合酶制造的PCR仪实际就是一个温控设备,能在变性温度,复性温度,延伸温度之间很好地进行控制。

数字PCR即Digital PCR(dPCR),它是一种核酸分子绝对定量技术。相较于qPCR,数字PCR可让你能够直接数出DNA分子的个数,是对起始样品的绝对定量。

20 世纪末,Vogelstein 等提出数字PCR( digitalPCR,dPCR) 的概念,通过将一个样本分成几十到几万份,分配到不同的反应单元,每个单元至多包含一个拷贝的目标分子( DNA 模板) ,在每个反应单元中分别对目标分子进行PCR 扩增,扩增结束后对各个反应单元的荧光信号进行统计学分析。

数字PCR是一种核酸分子绝对定量技术。当前核酸分子的定量有三种方法,光度法基于核酸分子的吸光度来定量;实时荧光定量PCR(Real Time PCR)基于Ct值,Ct值就是指可以检测到荧光值对应的循环数;数字PCR是最新的定量技术,基于单分子PCR方法来进行计数的核酸定量,是一种绝对定量的方法。主要采用当前分析化学热门研究领域的微流控或微滴化方法,将大量稀释后的核酸溶液分散至芯片的微反应器或微滴中,每个反应器的核酸模板数少于或者等于1个。这样经过PCR循环之后,有一个核酸分子模板的反应器就会给出荧光信号,没有模板的反应器就没有荧光信号。根据相对比例和反应器的体积,就可以推算出原始溶液的核酸浓度。

数字PCR技术不断发展,Bio-Rad、LIFE Technologies及RainDance等厂家相继推出技术较为成熟的数字PCR产品。

利用与核苷酸加入相关的pH变化对核酸扩增反应进行电学检测能够使得测试装置小型化和具有更大的可移植性,并且降低成本。然而,当前的检测核酸扩增反应的离子敏感场效应晶体管(ion-sensitive field effect transistor, ISFET)方法依赖于在一种体积庞大的难以精密加工的参考电极上建立流体门控电势,然而因其难以精密加工也就限制了进行大规模平行反应检测的潜力。

在一项新的研究中,来自美国伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校的研究人员展示了利用一种将pH不敏感性参考场效应晶体管(reference field effect transistor, REFET)与微加工固态准参考电极(quasi-reference electrode, QRE)相配套使用的方法能够检测实时的pH变化。最终的结果是研究人员开发出一种0.18μm的绝缘体硅片铸造的传感器,这种传感器利用铂QRE建立一种pH敏感的流体门控电势,并且利用一种聚氯乙烯(PVC)膜REFET能够基于pH变化对环介导等温扩增(LAMP)进行检测。这种技术非常适合进行商业化扩大生产,降低对ISFET pH检测的包装和制造需求,而且能够大规模地进行平行液滴测量,如监测数字PCR中的反应进程。

研究人员详细了阐明了一种实现这种目标的方法所需的所有步骤。鉴于固态电极的pH敏感性,REFET设计已被人们使用。一种携带pH不敏感性膜的ISFET可用来监控这种电极的pH反应。之前的技术已展示了在ISFET上使用pH不敏感性层,如硅烷、缓冲水凝胶、聚对二甲苯和polyACE。然而,PVC提供一种有吸引力的替代性选择,这是因为它之前已被证实的简单制造过程、良好的pH不敏感性和已知的与加有BSA的PCR的兼容性。总之,将一种pH敏感性电极与一种pH不敏感性REFET结合在一起的系统为在芯片上对生物反应(如靶向检测多种病原体的LAMP)进行电学检测提供一种机会。

总之,在这项新的研究中,研究人员开发出一种对核酸扩增反应进行电学检测的新技术。将一种场效应晶体管与一种固态电极进行结合会简化对大规模LAMP等生物反应进行ISFET pH检测。通过将易于制造的固态微电极整合在一种芯片的表面上,就能够单个地对液滴进行测量,并且绘制出它们发生变化的性质。可能从这种方法获得巨大益处的技术包括数字PCR或数字LAMP,以及基于介质上电润湿的液滴操纵而能够开展的检测方法。人们可能利用这种方法开展酶活性高通量分析,检测靶核酸序列是否存在,或者通过酶反应速率检测靶生物分子是否存在等。这种方法能够通过使用常见的金属镀膜技术和一种pH不敏感性的REFET进行液滴测量和简化大规模液体测量。

原始出处

Eric Salm, Yu Zhong‡§, Bobby ReddyJr.‡§, Carlos Duarte-Guevara‡§, Vikhram Swaminathan‡∥, Yi-Shao Liu⊥, and Rashid Bashir.Electrical Detection of Nucleic Acid Amplification Using an On-Chip Quasi-Reference Electrode and a PVC REFET.Anal Chem.2016

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    2017-12-04 经常头晕
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    2017-04-10 respect
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    2017-10-27 AspirantSuo
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