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快速上手:儿童湿疹诊疗五大要点

2016-07-23 协和伟哥 医学界儿科频道

湿疹是一种剧烈瘙痒的皮肤炎症,很多孩子都发生过不止一次的湿疹,由于瘙痒引起的搔抓会导致皮肤损伤和感染,常引起患儿的不适和家长的恐慌。特应性皮炎是湿疹的常见原因,主要引起皮肤的红斑、瘙痒、发热、疼痛、甚至是小水泡。研究认为湿疹有遗传倾向,大约一半的湿疹儿童可能存在干草热或哮喘,湿疹患儿的家庭成员常有干草热、哮喘或其他过敏性疾病。湿疹本身并不是过敏,但是过敏反应能诱导湿疹发生,一些环境因素能诱发湿疹。

湿疹是一种剧烈瘙痒的皮肤炎症,很多孩子都发生过不止一次的湿疹,由于瘙痒引起的搔抓会导致皮肤损伤和感染,常引起患儿的不适和家长的恐慌。特应性皮炎是湿疹的常见原因,主要引起皮肤的红斑、瘙痒、发热、疼痛、甚至是小水泡。


研究认为湿疹有遗传倾向,大约一半的湿疹儿童可能存在干草热或哮喘,湿疹患儿的家庭成员常有干草热、哮喘或其他过敏性疾病。湿疹本身并不是过敏,但是过敏反应能诱导湿疹发生,一些环境因素能诱发湿疹。大约10%-20%的儿童患有湿疹,典型症状多出现在出生后的前几个月,并在5岁前改善。


湿疹的临床表现


湿疹的症状在早期变化很大,在2-6个月的儿童,湿疹主要表现为面颊、前额、头部的瘙痒、干燥、红斑和小水泡。皮疹可扩大到胳膊、腿部和躯干,在受影响区域可能出现皮损,也可以发生在肘弯、腘窝或脚踝与背部,炎症减轻后可出现结痂、鳞屑和脱皮。对于年龄较大的儿童,一般皮疹结痂较重,皮肤干燥和瘙痒也更严重,这些症状会随着周期性的发作而加重或改善。患者通常认为搔抓会减轻瘙痒症状,然而搔抓反而会加重瘙痒,甚至导致皮肤增厚和色素沉着。因此常将湿疹叫做“瘙痒性皮疹”,而不是“皮疹性瘙痒”。


湿疹的持续时间


湿疹患者的症状多在数月或数年缓解或消失,多数患儿症状在5-6岁时开始改善,部分患者可能反复发作到青少年甚至是成年后。有些症状已经改善的儿童,可能在进入青春期后,由于激素、压力、使用化妆品等刺激皮肤后重新发作。但湿疹不是传染性疾病,并不需要将患儿跟其他孩子隔离。


湿疹的预防


有人认为,既然湿疹是遗传因素所致,没有办法进行预防。然而,特异的诱发因素能够加重湿疹症状,因此,避免诱发因素能够预防和改善症状的反复发作。可能的诱发因素包括,花粉、霉菌、灰尘、动物皮毛、冷空气、皮肤太干燥、肥皂和去污剂、人造纤维、某些护肤品、香水、烟草烟雾、食物(如鸡蛋、大豆、坚果)、心理压力、炎热和汗液。同时,防止搔抓也能预防皮疹的恶化和皮损的发生。


湿疹的诊断


由于每一位湿疹患儿的症状表现都差异很大,又容易与其他的皮肤病相混淆,没有特异的检测方法,湿疹的诊断比较困难。鉴别诊断包括脂溢性皮炎、银屑病、接触性皮炎。病史、家族史、哮喘或其他过敏性疾病史可以提供有用的线索,湿疹的皮损为多形性,以红斑、丘疹、丘疱疹为主,境界不清,弥漫性,有渗出倾向。病程不规则,反复发作,瘙痒较明显。皮肤斑贴试验和针刺试验有助于发现可能的过敏原。


湿疹的治疗


湿疹最常用的治疗方法是局部应用糖皮质激素,每日两次涂患处。外用激素种类较多,应在医生指导下使用。应根据患者的年龄、皮损性质、部位及病情程度选择不同剂型和强度的激素制剂,以快速有效地控制炎症,减轻症状。原则上应尽量不用或少用全身性激素治疗,对病情严重、其他药物难以控制的患者可短期应用,病情好转后应及时减量。


外用非甾体抗炎药物具有止痒作用,也可以作为激素治疗的替代药物,或者与激素联合使用。其他的处方药包括抗组胺药控制瘙痒、口服或外用抗生素预防或治疗继发性感染。年龄较大的儿童也可以考虑紫外线疗法,但6岁以下儿童应避免全身紫外线治疗。


本文翻译自:

http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/skin/eczema_atopic_dermatitis.html#


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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2056661, encodeId=1cf6205666194, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9ed8283397d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#儿童湿疹#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28339, encryptionId=9ed8283397d, topicName=儿童湿疹)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e1cc90, createdName=rebeccajiejie, createdTime=Fri Feb 10 23:16:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=117020, encodeId=45f411e020f1, content=文章赞一个。深入学习。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Fri Sep 09 22:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94499, encodeId=28a29449933, content=儿童湿疹诊疗, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sun Jul 24 17:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94456, encodeId=83a394456d8, content=了解一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jul 24 09:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94422, encodeId=544094422ff, content=要干儿科了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5d591737749, createdName=1df0137fm56(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Jul 23 23:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-09 ylzr123

    文章赞一个。深入学习。

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2056661, encodeId=1cf6205666194, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9ed8283397d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#儿童湿疹#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28339, encryptionId=9ed8283397d, topicName=儿童湿疹)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e1cc90, createdName=rebeccajiejie, createdTime=Fri Feb 10 23:16:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=117020, encodeId=45f411e020f1, content=文章赞一个。深入学习。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Fri Sep 09 22:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94499, encodeId=28a29449933, content=儿童湿疹诊疗, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sun Jul 24 17:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94456, encodeId=83a394456d8, content=了解一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jul 24 09:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94422, encodeId=544094422ff, content=要干儿科了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5d591737749, createdName=1df0137fm56(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Jul 23 23:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-24 oo902

    儿童湿疹诊疗

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2056661, encodeId=1cf6205666194, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9ed8283397d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#儿童湿疹#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28339, encryptionId=9ed8283397d, topicName=儿童湿疹)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e1cc90, createdName=rebeccajiejie, createdTime=Fri Feb 10 23:16:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=117020, encodeId=45f411e020f1, content=文章赞一个。深入学习。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Fri Sep 09 22:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94499, encodeId=28a29449933, content=儿童湿疹诊疗, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sun Jul 24 17:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94456, encodeId=83a394456d8, content=了解一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jul 24 09:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94422, encodeId=544094422ff, content=要干儿科了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5d591737749, createdName=1df0137fm56(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Jul 23 23:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-24 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解一下!

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2056661, encodeId=1cf6205666194, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9ed8283397d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#儿童湿疹#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28339, encryptionId=9ed8283397d, topicName=儿童湿疹)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e1cc90, createdName=rebeccajiejie, createdTime=Fri Feb 10 23:16:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=117020, encodeId=45f411e020f1, content=文章赞一个。深入学习。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Fri Sep 09 22:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94499, encodeId=28a29449933, content=儿童湿疹诊疗, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sun Jul 24 17:22:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94456, encodeId=83a394456d8, content=了解一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jul 24 09:47:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94422, encodeId=544094422ff, content=要干儿科了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5d591737749, createdName=1df0137fm56(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Jul 23 23:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-23 1df0137fm56(暂无匿称)

    要干儿科了

    0

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