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BMJ全新Meta分析:补充维生素D不降低全因死亡率,但降低癌症死亡率!

2019-08-18 医咖会 医咖会

维生素D一直是很多研究的焦点。有观察性研究的证据表明,低维生素D水平与某些疾病死亡率升高存在相关性,例如癌症和心血管疾病。因此,很多人将补充维生素D视为是预防某些慢性病的一种潜在策略。那么,补充维生素D对死亡率到底有何影响?近日,BMJ发布了一项系统综述和Meta分析,聚焦维生素D和死亡率的相关性。本研究检索的数据库包括Medline,Embase和Cochrane Central Regis

维生素D一直是很多研究的焦点。有观察性研究的证据表明,低维生素D水平与某些疾病死亡率升高存在相关性,例如癌症和心血管疾病。因此,很多人将补充维生素D视为是预防某些慢性病的一种潜在策略。

那么,补充维生素D对死亡率到底有何影响?近日,BMJ发布了一项系统综述和Meta分析,聚焦维生素D和死亡率的相关性。

本研究检索的数据库包括Medline,Embase和Cochrane Central Register,检索2018年12月26日前发表的随机对照试验,这些随机对照试验比较了补充维生素D或安慰剂(或不补充维生素D)对死亡率的影响。本研究的主要结局是全因死亡率。

该Meta分析最终纳入了52项符合标准的随机对照试验,

所纳入研究的特征,共包括了75454名人员,其中有8033例全因死亡病例,1331例心血管疾病死亡病例,877例癌症死亡病例,1045例非癌症非心血管疾病死亡病例。

主要结局:全因死亡率

52项试验都报告了全因死亡率。Meta分析发现,补充维生素D组和对照组的全因死亡率的差异无统计学意义(RR = 0.98,95% CI 0.95 ~ 1.02,I2=0%。

漏斗图分析没有显示出不对称;Egger检验(P=0.412)、Begg检验(P=0.282)和Harbord检验(P=0.341)均未发现明显偏倚。敏感性分析显示,全因死亡率的结果是稳健的。

亚组分析显示,虽然补充维生素D2和维生素D3均与全因死亡率无关,但与补充维生素D2的试验相比,补充维生素D3的试验中,全因死亡率明显更低(Pinteraction=0.04)。Meta回归发现,在随访时间较长的试验中,全因死亡率明显更低(Pinteraction =0.04)。

次要结局:死因别死亡率

结果显示,补充维生素D可显着降低癌症死亡率(RR = 0.84,95% CI 0.74 - 0.95,I2=0%,图3)。然而,该益处只有在补充维生素D3时才有,补充维生素D2并没有显现出益处。

心血管死亡率(RR = 0.98,95% CI 0.88-1.08,I2= 0%),非心血管非癌症死亡率(RR = 1.05,95% CI 0.93-1.18,I2 = 0%)均未发现组间显着的统计学差异。补充维生素D并没有降低脑血管疾病(RR = 1.04,95% CI 0.84-1.29,I2=0%)或缺血性心脏病(RR = 0.96,95% CI 0.81-1.15,I2=0%)的死亡风险。

讨论

在这52项随机对照试验的Meta分析中,共纳入了75454名参与者,结果显示,补充维生素D与总死亡率无相关性。补充维生素D可以降低癌症死亡率,但不能降低心血管疾病、脑血管疾病或缺血性心脏病的死亡率。

本研究及与其他研究的比较

关于全因死亡率的结果,本研究与之前两项系统综述的结果有所不同。2014年一项研究在对56项试验的95286名参与者的分析中发现,补充维生素D可降低全因死亡率(RR,0.97,95%CI 0.94 ~ 0.99,P=0.02)[PMID:24414552]。

同一年,另外一项系统综述纳入了40项试验,共有81173名参与者,结果发现了对全因死亡率的轻度影响(0.96,0.93-1.00,P=0.04)[PMID:24703049]。

由于选择标准的不同和后续有新发表的试验,可能以往研究的结果偏乐观。与之前的研究相比,本研究排除了10多项试验,共包括约5万名参与者,因为他们将维生素D与钙一起服用;还有6项试验是关于维生素D类似物的;1项试验在2017年被撤稿。

为了确定是否是由于排除了先前研究中纳入的试验而导致了阴性结果,研究人员通过添加最初排除的试验进行了两次敏感性分析,再一次确认了整体分析的结果。此外,本研究纳入了2014年后发表的18项随机对照试验,这些近期的试验占总参与人数的50.3% (38019/75454)。

与总死亡率的结果相反,本研究发现补充维生素D可使癌症死亡率降低16%。既往研究针对此的结论不完全一致。2014年发表的一项研究[ PMID:24953955],发现补充维生素D可以降低癌症死亡率(RR=0.88,95%CI 0.78-0.98),但证据的质量较低,证据力度不够。另外还有两篇系统综述也发表了类似的结果。但这些Meta分析存在一定的局限性,纳入的试验数量较少(n≤4)、维生素D剂量较低(≤1100 IU / d)、混合干预(维生素D+钙)等。

2018年,一项Meta分析发现仅补充维生素D不能降低癌症死亡率(1.03,0.91-1.15)[PMID:29635490]。而另一项Meta分析则发现补充维生素D可显着降低癌症死亡率(0.87,0.79-0.96)[PMID:31321276]。

本研究亚组分析的一个重要发现是,补充维生素D2和D3的疗效不同,补充维生素D3的全因死亡率低于维生素D2,但是两种补充剂都没有显着降低总死亡风险。同样,补充维生素D3可以降低癌症死亡率,但维生素D2并不能。维生素D2和D3对死亡率的不同影响可能是由于它们对提升25羟维生素D浓度的效应不同。

目前,维生素D2和维生素D3的疗效比较已经在几项干预试验中进行了研究,其中大多数研究表明维生素D3比维生素D2更有效地增加25羟基维生素D的浓度。

2014年一项研究发现,维生素D3似乎可以降低总死亡率(RR,0.94,95%CI 0.91-0.98),而维生素D2对总死亡率没有显着影响(1.02,0.96-1.08)[PMID:24414552]。然而,这项研究并没有显示维生素D2和D3之间的异质性。我们还是应该对维生素D3降低全因死亡率的证据强度保持谨慎。

Meta回归的一个重要发现是,在随访时间较长的试验中,全因死亡率更低。敏感性分析发现,在排除随访时间不到一年的试验后,补充维生素D对全因死亡率存在潜在的影响(RR,0.97, 95%CI 0.93-1.00)。但是亚组分析却发现,在随访不到3年对比超过3年的试验中,补充维生素D对死亡率的影响并没有统计学差异(P=0.37)。

VITAL试验 [PMID:30415629] 报告说,随着时间的推移,维生素D的益处会更加显着。虽然整体结果发现维生素D对癌症死亡率(RR,0.83,95%CI 0.67-1.02)或全因死亡率(0.99,0.87-1.12)无明显影响,但排除第一年和第二年的随访数据后,癌症死亡率显着降低(0.75,0.59-0.96),全因死亡率也有所降低(0.96,0.84-1.11)。因此,延长随访时间或许可以改变维生素D对全因死亡率的影响。

总结

总的来说,本Meta分析发现,补充维生素D与成人全因死亡率、心血管死亡率或非癌症非心血管死亡率无显着相关性,但补充维生素D可以降低癌症死亡率。补充维生素D3降低全因死亡率的趋势,还值得进一步研究。

参考文献:

Association between vitamin D supplementation and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2019,366 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4673.

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    2019-12-29 一闲
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    2020-01-23 guojianrong
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    2020-02-23 gaoxiaoe
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