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脑室外引流术联合分次立体定向放射外科治疗巨大脑转移瘤

2019-07-23 甄俊杰 洪伟平 王辉 临床神经外科杂志

患者女性,59岁。因“右上肺癌综合治疗后9个月,头痛2周,加重2d”于2013年9月15日急诊入院。患者于2012年12月因“左髋部疼痛2个月”在某三甲医院就诊,行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检,病理示:中分化鳞癌,EGFR突变检测:21外显子突变。诊断为:右上肺中分化鳞癌T1N1M1(左髂骨),Ⅳ期。给予吉非替尼治疗,剂量为250mg,每日一次,口服。并行左髂骨姑息止痛放疗,剂量30Gy/10F,3G

1.临床资料
 
患者女性,59岁。因“右上肺癌综合治疗后9个月,头痛2周,加重2d”于2013年9月15日急诊入院。患者于2012年12月因“左髋部疼痛2个月”在某三甲医院就诊,行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检,病理示:中分化鳞癌,EGFR突变检测:21外显子突变。诊断为:右上肺中分化鳞癌T1N1M1(左髂骨),Ⅳ期。给予吉非替尼治疗,剂量为250mg,每日一次,口服。并行左髂骨姑息止痛放疗,剂量30Gy/10F,3Gy/F,5F/W。治疗后疼痛缓解。
 
2013年9月1日患者出现头痛,进行性加重伴呕吐,在当地医院给予脱水等对症处理,症状无缓解;2013年9月13日出现嗜睡;2013年9月15日急诊入广东三九脑科医院。入院时查体:KPS20分,GCS13分(E3V4M6),嗜睡,颈强,颏胸距3横指,左侧上下肢肌力Ⅳ级,右侧上下肢肌力Ⅴ级,RPA3级,GPA1.5分。MRI示:右侧脑室三角区巨大占位性病变,增强后明显强化,右侧脑室颞角重度扩张,考虑脑转移瘤,梗阻性脑积水,右侧大脑镰下疝;肿瘤最大径5.3 cm,体积32.5mL,脑中线结构左偏13mm,脑干及环池明显受压(图1)。
 

图1患者治疗前MRIT1WI+增强扫描
 
2.结果
 
因患者已出现右侧大脑镰下疝,建议开颅手术切除肿瘤;但患者家属考虑其为肿瘤终末期,拒绝开颅手术。因此,于患者入院2h后即为其行“急诊右侧脑室颞角穿刺外引流术”(图2),术中见右侧脑室颞角重度扩张,脑脊液喷出,压力>330mmH2O。术后第2d,患者神志转清,查体:KPS30分,GCS15分(E4V5M6),颈软,左侧上下肢肌力Ⅳ级,右侧上下肢肌力Ⅴ级。予以第一次SRS(X刀)治疗,1个等中心,中心剂量1000cGy,同时辅以甘露醇250mL+地塞米松5mg,q8h静脉输注。治疗后患者一般状况好转。1周后行第二次X刀治疗,中心剂量1000cGy。
 

图2右侧脑室颞脚穿刺外引流术定位图(箭头所示为穿刺点)
 
治疗后患者无明显急性放射不良反应发生,查体:KPS30分,GCS15分(E4V5M6),神志清楚,精神差,颈软,左侧上下肢肌力Ⅳ级,右侧上下肢肌力Ⅴ级。于2013年9月24日拔除脑室外引流管。2013年10月8日开始行全脑放疗,DT3000cGy/15F,2Gy/F,5F/W。放疗结束时,患者四肢肌力Ⅴ级。
 
治疗后3周MRI示:肿瘤体积缩小至5.9mL,较治疗前缩小81.8%,最大径2.1 cm,脑中线恢复居中,脑积水缓解。治疗后6周MRI示:肿瘤体积缩小至2.1mL,较治疗前缩小93.5%,肿瘤最大径1.2 cm(图3);患者顺利出院。3个月后,患者因肺癌继发阻塞性肺炎死于另一家医院。
 

图3患者FSRS治疗前后MRI变化。A:治疗前;B:穿刺引流术后;C:FSRS3周后;D:FSRS6周后
 
3.讨论
 
随着诊断技术的不断进步和患者生存期的延长,脑转移瘤的发病率逐年上升。大约1%~5%的脑转移瘤或脑膜转移癌患者会发生脑积水,脑积水可导致一系列症状,包括头痛、恶心呕吐、尿失禁、意识障碍,严重者发生脑疝。此类患者一般状态往往很差,全身治疗或皮质醇、止痛、放疗等效果不佳,很难缓解症状,并且阻碍进一步的抗肿瘤治疗。
 
本例患者的转移瘤最大径达5.3 cm,因巨大转移瘤导致严重颅高压,脑疝形成,意识障碍,病情危重,家属拒绝开颅手术切除病灶的积极治疗方式。因此,对本患者面临两个治疗选择———姑息性手术或临终关怀。解除脑积水的姑息性手术包括脑室腹腔分流术(ventriculoperitoneal shunt,VPS)、内镜下三脑室造瘘术(endoscopic third ventriculostomy,ETV)和EVD等。其中EVD相对于其他方法具有微创、操作简便的优点;是该患者一个较为合适的选择。因此,在患者入院2h后即为其行“急诊右侧脑室颞角穿刺外引流术”,术后患者意识状态迅速好转,为进一步治疗赢得了机会。目前已发表的关于姑息性手术治疗脑转移瘤所致梗阻脑积水方面的文献很少。
 
Nigim等回顾性分析了59例VPS治疗脑转移所致脑积水的临床资料,其中19例患者为脑实体转移瘤引起的梗阻性脑积水。结果显示,全组术后症状改善率为93.2%,分流术后患者的中位生存期为6.4个月,3个月生存率为93.5%,1年生存率为87%。该研究结果表明,对于有脑积水症状的脑转移瘤,VPS能使绝大部分患者症状明显改善,即使对于预后很差的终末期患者,分流术后的生存时间也超过预期,显著提高了患者剩余寿命的生活质量,是一种安全有效的治疗选择。在Chen等的研究中,对16例脑转移瘤所致的脑积水患者采用ETV治疗,症状改善率为69%;头痛且伴有恶心、呕吐、嗜睡的患者比单纯头痛的患者症状缓解更加明显。
 
本研究表明,ETV对于脑转移瘤相关脑积水是一种微创的姑息治疗选择,且相对于VPS具有手术创伤小、引流过度或不足的风险小、感染机会少等优点。上述研究报道,症状改善时间大多在术后3~4d,VPS和EVT的术后并发症主要有分流管阻塞、颅内出血、感染等。除此之外,VPS有引起医源性腹膜癌播散的风险,ETV可能发生脑脊液脑室回流等。在Nigim研究中术后并发症发生率为11.8%,Chen的研究中为12.6%。尽管术后并发症发生率不高,但对于状态很差的脑转移瘤患者生活质量的影响很大。另外,终末期脑转移瘤患者往往免疫功能低下,更是大大增加了手术全身麻醉和相关并发症的风险。因此,微创、局麻的姑息性手术,如EVD,可能是更为合适的选择。与VPS和EVT相比,EVD的优势在于微创、操作简便、局麻下即可操作、手术费用少,可迅速缓解症状等。
 
对于本例患者,本研究采用了EVD的方法,患者在术后第2d便恢复意识,术后第9d安全拔除外引流管,期间无感染等并发症发生。在本患者脑疝解除、症状改善后,即对其巨大脑转移瘤行局部治疗,以解除病因。Lee等报道了50例VPS治疗脑转移瘤相关脑积水的疗效及预后因素,其中10例为脑实质转移瘤,40例为脑膜转移癌;VPS后,11例患者行全身化疗,6例行WBRT,4例行SRS,1例行手术切除病灶;术后患者的症状改善率为80%,中位生存期为3个月。在单因素及多因素分析中,VPS后行进一步抗肿瘤治疗均为有利预后因素。因此,在VPS之后给予充分的抗肿瘤治疗可以改善患者的生存质量和延长生存时间。
 
对于本例患者,全脑放疗(whole brain radio therapy,WBRT)将会进一步加重颅高压,不予考虑。立体定向放射外科(stereotactic radio surgery,SRS)治疗作为一种非侵入性的治疗选择,可在短时期内迅速缩小病灶体积,已广泛应用于脑转移瘤的治疗。但对于体积较大的转移瘤,单次SRS可能导致较多正常脑组织的放射损伤,并可能产生严重的急性放射性脑水肿,难以安全有效地进行。尤其是本例患者的肿瘤最大径达5.3 cm,体积达32.mL,限制了SRS的应用。
 
FSRS可保证大体积病灶得到较高的有效总剂量,在保证疗效的同时,最大限度地减少放射毒性,之前实施的EVD可使治疗得以安全进行。因此FSRS可作为本患者的局部治疗首选。经过FSRS治疗,6周后患者病灶体积从32.5mL缩小到2.1mL,肿瘤最大径从5.3 cm缩小至1.2 cm,PR、KPS评分从20分提高至70分;3个月后死于肺部病灶进展。
 
值得注意的是,患者在死亡前神经系统评价始终为缓解,头痛、左侧肢体肌力差等原有神经系统症状及体征消失,无新增神经系统症状产生。本例患者的治疗经过表明,对于大体积转移瘤合并梗阻性脑积水患者,此联合治疗方法创伤小,可以迅速解除颅高压,为患者赢得FSRS等进一步治疗的机会,可取得较好的近期疗效,改善患者生活质量。
 
但在临床实施过程中,需要注意以下问题:(1)脑室外引流管的放置可能导致颅内感染的发生,需在1~2周内尽快拔除,因此必须尽快进行FSRS治疗;(2)为预防颅内瘤患者的存活率。在国内,还有囊性转移瘤结合立体定向技术穿刺囊液后再行SRS治疗的报道。传统观念认为,SRS治疗的指征是病灶直径为3 cm或更小者,大体积肿瘤由于治疗的相关毒性较大而成为相对禁忌证。剂量分割的概念最先由放疗学引入,从而可以降低大肿瘤治疗时的相关毒性。与单次SRS治疗相比,分次治疗的疗效相当,而且毒性反应更低。
 
Han等报道显示,给予平均体积为22.4 cm3的肿瘤瘤体单次中位周边剂量10~16Gy放射治疗,出现严重神经系统毒性反应的发生率达到18.8%;故建议对于此种瘤体,边缘放疗的剂量不超过12Gy可避免高毒性反应。近年来国外有报道,针对直径>2 cm的颅内转移瘤进行分次放射治疗,为进一步研究颅内转移瘤的治疗方法提供了方向。
 
本研究针对颅内巨大转移瘤采用分次放射治疗,在肿瘤及瘤周水肿的控制率上均取得较好的效果。立体定向放射外科作为传统开颅手术的补充,在对转移瘤的治疗上效果明显。分次的立体定向放射外科治疗对于大瘤体的颅内转移瘤可作为首选治疗,特别是针对不具备手术条件的恶性肿瘤晚期患者。
 
综上所述,采用伽玛刀进行立体定向分次治疗对颅内巨大转移瘤的控制安全、有效;治疗后长期随访结果显示患者的疗效良好,生存质量有明显提高。
 
原始出处:

甄俊杰,洪伟平,王辉,杨艳莹,山常国,赖名耀,蔡林波.脑室外引流术联合分次立体定向放射外科治疗巨大脑转移瘤[J].临床神经外科杂志,2018(03):187-189+192.

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    2019-12-27 liao1632
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    2019-07-25 tastas

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