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JAMA:类鸦片药物正在困扰医药界:研究表明,其效果和非处方止痛药没有区别

2017-11-16 佚名 DeepTech 深科技

目前流行的类鸦片药物滥用和成瘾困扰着美国整个国家。在 2015 年,超过 3 万人死于类鸦片药物过量,并且目前估计每天有 91 人死于这些药物。避免沉迷于类鸦片(opioid)药物的最简单方法可能是永远不要服用这类药物。毕竟,病人仅仅使用几天就可以上瘾。但是,尽管存在危险,许多患者并没有享受过强效止痛药的作用——比如那些肢体受伤或严重出血在医院急救室的人。

目前流行的类鸦片药物滥用和成瘾困扰着美国整个国家。在 2015 年,超过 3 万人死于类鸦片药物过量,并且目前估计每天有 91 人死于这些药物。避免沉迷于类鸦片(opioid)药物的最简单方法可能是永远不要服用这类药物。毕竟,病人仅仅使用几天就可以上瘾。但是,尽管存在危险,许多患者并没有享受过强效止痛药的作用——比如那些肢体受伤或严重出血在医院急救室的人。

至少医生是这么认为的。

但是,在一项随机、双盲(double-blind)的临床试验中,结果表明,布洛芬(ibuprofen-Advil)和醋氨酚(acetaminophen-Tylenol)的组合与其他三种含有类鸦片药物的止痛药组合治疗急性疼痛一样有效。这项研究近期发表在美国医学会杂志(The Journal of the American Medical Association)上。

这项新实验是 Andrew Chang 领导,他来自纽约奥尔巴尼医学院(Albany Medical College)。实验人员指出,普通的医疗实践和指导方针,包括世界卫生组织(World Health Organization)倡导的那些,都表明类鸦片药物在治疗急性疼痛方面比非类鸦片药物或它们的组合更有效。然而,这并没有准确的数据支持。

布洛芬和醋氨酚在中枢神经系统中有完全不同的分子活动,在组合使用时,为大脑提供了多种的渠道来止痛。虽然研究人员还未证明这对组合在治疗肢体极度疼痛方面不如类鸦片,但是一些关于牙科和术后病人的研究清楚地表明非类鸦片药物跟类鸦片一样有效。研究比较了布洛芬和醋氨酚与可待因(codeine)和醋氨酚的组合。结果表明,含有可待因的药物——无论剂量如何——没有比非类鸦片药物更有效。

最近,当研究人员和健康专家重新评估使用类鸦片药物治疗慢性疼痛的常见做法时,他们同样发现该处方缺乏数据支持。他们所发现的是长期服用类鸦片药物导致了耐受性、依赖性、成瘾、以及过量服用。因此,疾病控制与预防中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)去年更新了他们的处方指导方针,敦促医生避免使用类鸦片药物来帮助病人控制慢性疼痛。

“坦率地说,类鸦片药物的风险是上瘾和死亡。而这类药物对慢性疼痛的益处通常是短暂的,而且通常是未经证实的。”疾病控制与预防中心主任 Tom Frieden 说。

在新的试验中,Chang 和他的同事们在纽约布朗克斯区的急诊室招募了 411 名患者。这些患者在上肢或者下肢有急性疼痛,年龄在 18 到 64 岁之间,没有复杂的健康状况,没有过敏史或类鸦片成瘾的迹象,而且没有服用与止疼片相互反应的药物。当他们到急诊室的时候,患者的平均疼痛指数为 8.7(11 点指数标准)。

随后,研究人员随机安排病人服用四种止痛药组合之一:400 毫克的布洛芬和 1000 毫克的醋氨酚;5 毫克的氧可酮(oxycodone)和 325 毫克的醋氨酚;5 毫克的氢可酮(hydrocodone)和 300 毫克的醋氨酚;或者 30 毫克的可待因和 300 毫克的醋氨酚。每一种药丸的组合在病人来看完全相同。

两小时后,病人又重新开始测定疼痛分数。四组的疼痛变化没有统计学上的显着差异。比起用药之前,服用布洛芬和醋氨酚组合的病人平均分数降低 4.3;服用氧可酮和醋氨酚组合的病人平均分数降低 4.4;服用氢可酮和醋氨酚组合的病人平均分数降低 3.5;服用可待因和醋氨酚组合的病人平均分数降低 3.9。四组中,任意两组之间最大的不同是 0.9(来自氧可酮和醋氨酚的组合和氢可酮和醋氨酚的组合),而这个疼痛的差异在临床上并没有显着区别。

需要更多的止痛药,而不是给予治疗(这是由治疗医师决定的)的病人可以服用 5 毫克的氧可酮作为急救。在 411 名患者中,有 73 人(约 18%)服用了该药剂。但他们平均分布在了四个治疗组中。换句话说,在每组患者中,服用紧急药物的患者比例没有显着差异。

Chang 和他的同事意识到这项研究主要的局限:该实验只在两个小时的时间里观察疼痛治疗。但是,他们补充写道,“我们的目标是确定一剂止痛药是否能更好地减轻急诊病人的疼痛。”他们指出,可能其中一种组合的药效会更快消失,但它们的半衰期差不多都是 3 到 4 个小时。

研究人员认为,结论表明,急诊医生在紧急治疗中或者之后,可以选择不使用类鸦片药物。“这种处方习惯的改变”,他们写道,“可以通过减少最初服用类鸦片药物的人数和随之而来的上瘾风险,来帮助缓解目前的类鸦片危机。”

除此之外,这项研究还揭示了目前类鸦片药物处方操作的糟糕数据,以及日益减少的使用危险药物的情况。

“Chang 等人的试验提供了重要的证据,证明非类鸦片可以在急诊环境中为病人提供类似的止痛作用,”西北大学的急诊医学医生 Demetrios Kyriacou 总结道。尽管如此,研究人员仍需要更多的数据来了解在其他临床环境下,疼痛患者是否可以不服用类鸦片药物。

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    2017-11-18 cathymary
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    2017-11-16 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了谢谢作者分享!

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