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开创机器人手术新的适应证 北京和睦家医院是如何做到的

2018-10-09 张红亮 健康界

9月27日,健康界来到北京和睦家医院(下称和睦家)采访两周前完成一台高难度、高风险手术的泌尿外科主任朱刚教授。脸上常挂着微笑的他平静地说:“肿瘤治疗本就该是综合治疗,手术的成功则是团队协作和医院综合实力的体现。”然而,这例手术并非像朱刚教授那样“平静”。据了解,这是全球首例“机器人睾丸癌化疗后腹膜后淋巴结清扫+下腔静脉癌栓切取+腔静脉重建术”。尽管北京其他家医院做过类似的手术,不过他们做的都

9月27日,健康界来到北京和睦家医院(下称和睦家)采访两周前完成一台高难度、高风险手术的泌尿外科主任朱刚教授。脸上常挂着微笑的他平静地说:“肿瘤治疗本就该是综合治疗,手术的成功则是团队协作和医院综合实力的体现。”

然而,这例手术并非像朱刚教授那样“平静”。据了解,这是全球首例“机器人睾丸癌化疗后腹膜后淋巴结清扫+下腔静脉癌栓切取+腔静脉重建术”。尽管北京其他家医院做过类似的手术,不过他们做的都是肾癌,而该手术是睾丸癌转移到腹膜后淋巴结和侵犯下腔静脉并在其中形成瘤栓。

睾丸癌患者化疗后下现超长瘤栓

2018年5月,和睦家泌尿外科接收了一位美国睾丸癌患者。

半年前,他因睾丸肿瘤在其他医院做了根治性右侧睾丸切除术,病理显示为混合性生殖细胞肿瘤,包含精原细胞癌和胚胎性癌成分。今年5月,患者的增强CT显示腹膜后以及下腔静脉旁淋巴结肿大,右肾积水,他来到北京和睦家医院继续就诊。

第一次问诊后,朱刚教授和来自西班牙的Martinez教授立即组织了院内多学科会诊(MDT,是由多学科资深专家以共同讨论的方式,为患者制定个性化诊疗方案的过程。在MDT模式中,患者在治疗前可得到由内外科、影像科及相关学科专家等组成的专家团队的综合评估,以共同制定科学、合理、规范的治疗方案),经过一个多小时的讨论,各科室达成统一意见,建议患者先接受化疗,并观察疾病的发展情况。

2个化疗疗程结束后,CT显示患者出现肺和肝转移,更凶险的是在患者的下腔静脉发现了325px长的瘤栓。下腔静脉是人体最大的静脉,汇集了下肢、盆部和腹部的静脉血,输送到心脏。

睾丸癌患者出现瘤栓,需要切开下腔静脉,把瘤拴取出来。朱刚介绍,这类手术的风险包括大出血、瘤拴脱落导致肺栓塞、需要对腔静脉进行重建等。同时因为瘤拴跨越右肾静脉,有可能需要切除右肾,手术风险极高,死亡率可达5%~10%。一直以来这类手术被认为在外科手术中极高风险,被称作生命禁区。

很快,和睦家泌尿外科团队又一次组织了院内肿瘤多学科会诊(MDT)。他们建议患者接受进一步的化疗,同时积极准备手术,患者和家属接受了朱刚团队的建议。经过4个疗程的化疗后,CT检查结果显示,患者肺和肝转移瘤消失了,瘤栓虽然缩小了一些,但是依然存在。3D影像重建显示,下腔静脉瘤栓有9.3cm长,已超过第一肝门水平。

面对这样的情况,朱刚一方面组织泌尿外科团队进行反复的讨论,规划手术方案;另一方面邀请麻醉科、超声科、重症监护科、手术室护士、病理科和肿瘤科等相关部门进行术前多学科讨论和术前准备。因为手术复杂、风险性高,各科室专家一同对患者情况进行全面评估讨论。泌尿外科团队查阅了大量国内外资料,研究最新进展,虽未找到类似手术做参考,但根据相关疾病指南,从理论上确定了手术有其适应证,通过理论和技术的准备,在北京和睦家医院采用达芬奇手术机器人实施该手术也是可行的。这也是他们有底气说“全球首例”的原因。

“有效的MDT取决于医院的综合实力、专家水平及团队协作。”朱刚教授说,就这样,历时一个多月,经过5次多学科会诊(MDT)的准备,泌尿外科团队最终决定利用达芬奇手术机器人实施机器人睾丸癌化疗后腹膜后淋巴结清扫+下腔静脉癌栓切取+腔静脉重建术,手术前仅列出的主要步骤就多达二十项。

除泌尿外科团队外,其他科室术前同样进行了充分准备以各种突发状况应对措施。麻醉科刘薇主任、杨璐主任、刘醒帅主任配备了食道超声,术中检测瘤栓状态,因为瘤栓一旦脱落可能造成肺栓塞等致死性后果;超声科田江克主任协助进行术中超声进行瘤栓定位;检验科积极协调,准备术中用血,保障手术安全……

手术如期在2018年9月12日进行,张凯和李鸿波担任助手,Martinez教授预备可能需要的开放手术。术中发现,患者淋巴结和血管周围组织粘连十分紧密。整个手术过程包括:对患者后腹膜腔淋巴结进行彻底的清扫;完全分离下腔静脉;在瘤栓两端安置下腔静脉血管控制带;利用机器人超声探头对瘤栓进行定位;切开250px左右下腔静脉壁;切除瘤栓;缝合,完成下腔静脉重建等步骤。

值得一提的是,他们在手术中创新性地应用机器人超声探头进行血栓位置的定位,朱刚教授操作机器人时可以在同个视野下,看到患者的下腔静脉以及内部瘤栓的情况。麻醉科杨璐主任一直通过食道超声监测瘤拴和气体栓塞状况,刘醒帅主任密切检测患者生命体征,保障麻醉平稳。手术进行了9个多小时,朱刚在切除瘤拴后,完成了下腔静脉的重建,患者的右肾也被成功地保留。

“一辈子可能只有一次的手术”

几次多学科会诊(MDT)后,看到手术是如此复杂,并且风险极高,一些同事很紧张。朱刚安慰大家情绪,并鼓励大家,“这样的手术,对于整个团队来说,是一次很好的锻炼和成长。” 他说,“这样的手术,我一辈子可能也就这么一次,对于和睦家也具有‘里程碑’意义,以前提到和睦家,大多数人首先会想到服务,经过多年的发展,在学术、技术方面,和睦家也有很大的发展,这台手术就是很好的例证。”

当被问及“世界首例”是否有挑战时,朱刚说,手术成功前,他尽可能不去想”最……“”世界首例“这些名头,首先要考虑和团队一起把手术安全的做完,对于有进取心的医生来说,这也是成长的标志。“要先把事情做踏实了,作为医生,最重要的是把手术安全做好。

技术保障:达芬奇机器人+3D重建

据介绍,这是国内外首次利用3D影像重建技术确定瘤栓的位置。3D影像重建是基于前期的CT或MRI影像资料,再通过计算机图形处理与分析,虚拟现实等技术,呈现三维影像结果。重建完成后,可以实现各系统的任意拆分和任意组合。目前的3D影像重建技术还原了人体真实的三维结构,将人体结构可透视化,精确呈现病灶位置和大小以及与毗邻器官组织的关系。图像可以实现器官透视,任意角度旋转,血管、集合系统和病灶的自由组合,手术模拟和病灶度量。

朱刚教授表示,北京和睦家医院在国内较早开展将术前3D影像重建和达芬奇机器人手术相结合的方式治疗泌尿系肿瘤,显着降低了手术的复杂性,在术中提高了术者解剖定位能力,使手术操作更加精确,从而提高了手术速度,更重要的是降低了手术相关并发症,增加了手术的安全性。“这样的病例,如果选择开放性手术,死亡率在5%~10%,许多外科医生会拒绝做这样的手术,但选择机器人,死亡率可降低至1%~2.4%。”朱刚说。

术后,患者很快从重症监护病房转入普通病房,并在术后7天顺利出院。患者的孩子们特意制作了一张感谢卡,上面写道:“谢谢您们帮助我的父亲”。

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    2018-10-11 xue8602
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