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Science:镇痛剂“失效”了?痛觉过敏是主谋!

2016-11-14 解螺旋.子非鱼 解螺旋·医生科研助手

常言道,牙疼不是病,疼起来要人命。想来很多人对牙痛的滋味体悟甚深,而人之一生,换句话说就是疼痛的一生。痛是生命历程中不可或缺的生理与心理感受。但逐乐避痛是人的天性,也是近些年来止痛剂层出不穷的原因。近日Science一篇文章认为止痛剂的效果其实并没有想象中那么好,有时甚至加剧疼痛。那么这背后的真相到底如何,让我们一睹为快。痛觉过敏(OIH)澳大利亚阿德莱德大学的研究人员Mark Hutchin

常言道,牙疼不是病,疼起来要人命。想来很多人对牙痛的滋味体悟甚深,而人之一生,换句话说就是疼痛的一生。痛是生命历程中不可或缺的生理与心理感受。但逐乐避痛是人的天性,也是近些年来止痛剂层出不穷的原因。近日Science一篇文章认为止痛剂的效果其实并没有想象中那么好,有时甚至加剧疼痛。那么这背后的真相到底如何,让我们一睹为快。

痛觉过敏(OIH)

澳大利亚阿德莱德大学的研究人员Mark Hutchinson发现当服用阿片类止痛剂美沙酮(methadone)的患者将前臂浸没在冰冷刺骨的水中时,他们对疼痛的耐受性(只能忍受15s)远低于正常人(可忍受1分钟左右)。这种令人惊异现象,让人不禁感叹止痛剂这“小丫头片子”竟然还有两幅面孔。
 
其实,这种服用过镇痛剂的受试者的疼痛敏感性增强的现象被称之为阿片类药物引起的痛觉过敏(Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia,OIH)。此时,阿片类药物刻通过放大痛苦信号,使得机体对疼痛刺激更加敏感。而OIH在滥用止痛剂者或晚期癌症患者的身上表现的特别明显,患者总能觉得在服用镇痛剂后,疼痛感变得更加强烈。
 
目前,由于缺乏真实可靠的检测的方法,使得OIH背后的具体机制仍笼罩在一团迷雾中,而关于OIH的科学假说也是众说纷纭。有的研究者认为OIH是阿片类药物的一个副作用,它使得慢性疼痛患者不自觉增加止痛剂的药物剂量,增强患者的药物依赖性。因而他们正在寻找一种可避免OIH的替代方法,如帮助患者在服用低剂量的止痛药时减轻疼痛的感觉。
 
还有些研究者认为机体在暂时性忽略疼痛情况下能分泌出一些阿片类物质,比如当我们拖着受伤的腿来躲避狮子的追捕时,机体就会自动分泌一些阿片样分子与神经细胞的受体结合来阻断腿上的疼痛信号传递。
 
但由于处方阿片类药物的剂量要比机体的内源性阿片类分子高出若干个数量级,因而机体通常会被外源性阿片类药物的强力镇痛效果所蒙蔽而感受不到痛觉,那么为了再次感受痛觉,机体变得对疼痛异常敏感。
 
1994年,Mao所带领的研究团队在连续8天给小鼠脊髓中注射吗啡后,发现小鼠会更快的把爪子从逐渐加热的玻璃表面挪开。这就是因为高剂量的镇痛药改变了动物的痛觉阈值,使动物对疼痛变得更加敏感。
 
同时,研究者还发现OIH与动物脊髓神经元上的特定受体——N-甲基-D天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体有关。皮肤和器官的感觉神经元在镇痛药的刺激下,可释放出谷氨酸分子(glutamate),与NMDA受体结合后便可将疼痛信号传递给大脑。


OIH的定量检测方法

目前,由于镇痛剂的种类和剂量激增,以及大量的处方阿片类药物被转用于娱乐用途,使得药物成瘾的比例大幅度增加,而高剂量的摄入阿片类药物可以减慢呼吸,尤其是当它与酒精或抗焦虑药物联合使用时,甚至导致死亡。美国死于阿片类药物的人数在过去两年中大约增加了四倍,在2014年死亡人数已经高达21000。
 
为了减少药物成瘾的问题,就要弄清楚诱导机体产生OIH的止痛剂最低剂量以及减少OIH诊断的不确定性,因而,研究人员期望通过定量感觉测试实验,如冷加压实验或一些可对皮肤加压加热的仪器来记录疼痛阈值的改变。


2006年,Ansgt的研究团队在对6名腰背部慢性疼痛的患者进行一个整月的吗啡治疗的前后,开展了冷加压实验,并发现患者在药物治疗后出现了痛觉过敏现象:相比于治疗前,受试者在2秒前就能从冰水中感受到疼痛,且提前大概8秒左右将手从冰水中挪出。2013年,以色列的一个研究小组在给30名患有放射性脊髓神经疼痛的患者进行4周的氢吗啡酮治疗的前后进行热刺激实验,并发现其中有17名患者出现了痛觉过敏的现象。
 
但是这种定量方法仍然有一些局限性,所以至今为止研究者仍无法弄清楚关于OIH的相关问题:OIH患者的疼痛阈值需要多久才会回到正常?痛觉过敏患者在成功戒掉服用阿片类药物后最终能改善疼痛么?还是说痛觉过敏患者对阿片类药物更容易上瘾或复发?

OIH的治疗方案

由于OIH可降低患者的疼痛阈值,使得绝大多数慢性疼痛患者不愿降低镇痛剂的使用剂量,因而多数科研者开始探索一种能靶向OIH的药物,并希望当患者出现无明显原因造成的疼痛时,可与阿片类药物联合使用来缓解疼痛。
 
Mao的研究团队已经在招募患者进行两种候选药物的临床实验,一种是阻断NMDA受体的麻醉药氯胺酮(Ketamine),另外一种是可抑制感觉神经元释放谷氨酸且被用于治疗高血压的胍法辛(guanfacine)。华盛顿乔治大学Peggy Compton所带领的研究团队也正在测试一种能阻断痛觉信号传导的抗癫痫药物gabapentin对痛觉过敏的治疗效果。
 
此外,还有一些研究者开始探索大脑和脊髓中提供神经结构支撑和清除碎片的星形胶质细胞在痛觉过敏中所起的作用,并发现当免疫系统在疾病或损伤反应中被激活时,神经胶质细胞会释放出与周围神经元相互作用以放大疼痛信号的炎症分子。
 
2001年,中国上海科学院的研究人员在长期给大鼠进行吗啡给药时,发现脊髓中的星形胶质细胞会被激活,而在抑制胶质细胞释放的炎症分子后,可以逆转大鼠的痛觉过敏与痛觉耐受。这些结果说明了阿片类药物可触发神经胶质细胞,进而引起系统范围内的痛觉信号的传导,不仅抵消药物缓解疼痛的效果,也使得身体对疼痛变得更加敏感。
 
因而,抑制胶质细胞的炎症反应便成为了治疗OIH一个新的突破口。近期,加利福尼亚圣地亚哥的生物技术公司Medicin Nova便完成了一项关于胶质细胞抑制药物ibudilast的II期临床实验,该药物在日本已经被批准应用于哮喘治疗中以缓解疼痛以及治疗阿片类药物滥用者的成瘾性。耶鲁大学的研究人员也正在对具有抑制大脑中胶质细胞活性的抗生素痤疮药物米诺环素进行研究。另外,博尔德科罗拉大学的神经科学家Linda Watkins和她的研究团队也正在测试一种新的止痛药,可通过封闭脊髓中神经胶质细胞的表面的信号蛋白来缓解疼痛。

原始出处:

Why painkillers sometimes make the pain worse

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    2016-11-16 zhaojie88
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    2016-11-16 jichang
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2070519, encodeId=3f1f20e0519a6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d49ce11617a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#痛觉过敏#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71161, encryptionId=d49ce11617a, topicName=痛觉过敏)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b3e9205, createdName=tidiq, createdTime=Fri Dec 02 03:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1355221, encodeId=a30c135522176, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=256a96e9990' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#镇痛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96799, encryptionId=256a96e9990, topicName=镇痛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Wed Nov 16 02:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375386, encodeId=3b7b13e538619, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Wed Nov 16 02:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=155881, encodeId=019a15588103, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Tue Nov 15 12:25:12 CST 2016, time=2016-11-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=155692, encodeId=4ee115569243, content=牙痛的希望, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=141, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKDtuWHtWxToIW0ZEvbHgDb4ibqQ1xaDQxcsHC5NIc2RJUxQgHJOLGEg8OUT345rDPmka4icU0WHPgw/0, createdBy=379f1941464, createdName=艳阳天2016, createdTime=Mon Nov 14 12:39:15 CST 2016, time=2016-11-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=155688, encodeId=ce8e1556886d, content=学习了啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=152, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5e291719269, createdName=大旺旺, createdTime=Mon Nov 14 12:32:59 CST 2016, time=2016-11-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=155683, encodeId=4fc815568385, content=学习啦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/12/31/60fc0213ae09a3dbbba19993663ef4db.jpg, createdBy=33c31971480, createdName=1e160a78m83(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Nov 14 12:22:58 CST 2016, time=2016-11-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-11-15 李东泽

    很好,不错,以后会多学习

    0

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    2016-11-14 艳阳天2016

    牙痛的希望

    0

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    2016-11-14 大旺旺

    学习了啊

    0

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    2016-11-14 1e160a78m83(暂无匿称)

    学习啦

    0

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