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全面解答| 血气分析那些事

2016-07-23 天津医科大学 张云盛 医学界呼吸频道

血气分析指标变化的意义1、pH:血液中H+浓度(nmol/L)的负对数值。① pH<7.35,酸中毒;② pH>7.35,碱中毒;③ 当pH正常范围内(7.35~7.45),可能是根据Henderson-Hasselbalch 方程公式:pH=pKa+lg(HCO3- / H2CO3)该公式简化为: pH∝HCO3- / PaCO22、PaCO2: 33~46 mmHg(平均40 mm

血气分析指标变化的意义


1、pH:血液中H+浓度(nmol/L)的负对数值。


① pH<7.35,酸中毒;


② pH>7.35,碱中毒;


③ 当pH正常范围内(7.35~7.45),可能是



根据Henderson-Hasselbalch 方程公式:pH=pKa+lg(HCO3- / H2CO3)


该公式简化为: pH∝HCO3- / PaCO2




2、PaCO233~46 mmHg(平均40 mmHg)


①  PaCO2 > 46 mmHg  呼吸性酸中毒;代偿后的代谢性碱中毒(HCO3- ↑→抑制呼吸→ PaCO2↑)


② PaCO2 < 33 mmHg  呼吸性碱中毒;代偿后的代谢性酸中毒(HCO3-↓即H+↑→抑制呼吸→PaCO2↓)


3、AB(实际碳酸氢盐):是在隔绝空气的血液标本,在实际PaCO2 血样饱和度及体温条件下,所测得的血浆HCO3- 含量。


SB(标准碳酸氢盐):是指全血在标准条件下(PaCO2为40 mmHg、血氧饱和度为100%、温度为38℃)所测得的血浆HCO3- 含量。 排除了呼吸因素的影响,仅反映代谢性因素的指标 。




4、BE(碱剩余):是指在标准条件下,用算或者碱滴定全血标本至pH等于7.40,所需要的酸或碱的量(mmol/L)。


排除了呼吸因素的影响,仅反映代谢性因素的指标 。




5、BB 缓冲碱:指血液中一切具有缓冲作用的阴离子碱基的总和。




6、AG阴离子间隙:是指血浆中未测定的阴离子(UA)与为测定的阳离子(UC)的差值,即AG=UA-UC。




酸碱平衡紊乱时血气指标的变化:


1、代谢性酸中毒:



肺的代偿调节在代谢性酸中毒中起到了主要作用,肾脏一般不起到主要作用。一般数分钟便可以出现深快呼吸,30 min后即可出现进行代偿,12~24 h达到代偿高峰,最大代偿极限使得PaCO2 下降到10 mmHg。


2、呼吸性酸中毒:




(1)急性呼吸性酸中毒:主要靠细胞内外的离子交换及细胞内缓冲液系统的缓冲,调节有限,常表限为代偿不足或失代偿表现。急性代偿在几分钟内就开始,① H2CO3 解离为HCO3- H+,在细胞内在H+与血K+ 进行交换,HCO3- 升高,使得血钾升高;② 红细胞HCO3-与血Cl-交换使得血氯降低。


PaCO2 每升高10 mmHg,血浆HCO3- 只升高0.7~1 mmo/L。最大极限为↑到30 mmo/L,所以急性呼吸性酸中毒常呈失代偿状态。




(2)慢性呼吸性酸中毒:主要靠肾脏进行代偿调节,3~5天才能发挥最佳代偿效果。肾脏的代偿作用十分强大,大约PaCO2每升高10 mmHg,血浆HCO3- 只升高3.5~4.0mmo/L。最大极限为↑到45mmo/L。



3、代谢性碱中毒:


代偿实现为12~24 h,肺的调节极限使得PaCO2 继发性升高到55 mmHg。




4、呼吸性碱中毒:



(1)急性呼吸性酸中毒:主要靠细胞内外的离子交换及细胞内缓冲液系统的缓冲,调节有限,常表限为代偿不足或失代偿表现。急性代偿在几分钟内就开始,① 在细胞内在HCO3- H+ 结合生成H2CO3H+到细胞外,K+进入细胞使得血钾降低;② 与红细胞HCO3- 与血 Cl- 交换使得血氯升高。


PaCO2 每降低10 mmHg,血浆HCO3- 只降低2 mmo/L。最大极限为↓到18 mmo/L,所以急性呼吸性碱中毒常呈失代偿状态。




(2)慢性呼吸性酸中毒:主要靠肾脏进行代偿调节,3~5天才能发挥最佳代偿效果。肾脏的代偿作用十分强大,大约PaCO2每降低10 mmHg,血浆HCO3-只升高5.0 mmo/L,最大极限为↓到15mmo/L。


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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158321, encodeId=9ab8158321d3, content=多关注张云盛医生的总结, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/CF573F79022E764C58F9CFFC37639068/100, createdBy=39261986506, createdName=张云盛, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 17:00:22 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158315, encodeId=2bdb158315a3, content=偶然看到我了总结的东西, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/CF573F79022E764C58F9CFFC37639068/100, createdBy=39261986506, createdName=张云盛, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 16:55:31 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=130229, encodeId=e601130229f7, content=不错哦继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 18 15:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=97441, encodeId=78639e441b5, content=正找呢!非常感谢!收藏了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83er7gGJY7ibia1wDTTwTL7vXbqvekMBTHAsd3KZ7btXM9tnHuicI2LdxJtIiccXeDCiaTvzkwMuribZ9oHVA/0, createdBy=c7b81713099, createdName=木水晶, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 13:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-11-26 张云盛

    多关注张云盛医生的总结

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158321, encodeId=9ab8158321d3, content=多关注张云盛医生的总结, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/CF573F79022E764C58F9CFFC37639068/100, createdBy=39261986506, createdName=张云盛, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 17:00:22 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158315, encodeId=2bdb158315a3, content=偶然看到我了总结的东西, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/CF573F79022E764C58F9CFFC37639068/100, createdBy=39261986506, createdName=张云盛, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 16:55:31 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=130229, encodeId=e601130229f7, content=不错哦继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 18 15:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=97441, encodeId=78639e441b5, content=正找呢!非常感谢!收藏了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83er7gGJY7ibia1wDTTwTL7vXbqvekMBTHAsd3KZ7btXM9tnHuicI2LdxJtIiccXeDCiaTvzkwMuribZ9oHVA/0, createdBy=c7b81713099, createdName=木水晶, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 13:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-11-26 张云盛

    偶然看到我了总结的东西

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158321, encodeId=9ab8158321d3, content=多关注张云盛医生的总结, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/CF573F79022E764C58F9CFFC37639068/100, createdBy=39261986506, createdName=张云盛, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 17:00:22 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158315, encodeId=2bdb158315a3, content=偶然看到我了总结的东西, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/CF573F79022E764C58F9CFFC37639068/100, createdBy=39261986506, createdName=张云盛, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 16:55:31 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=130229, encodeId=e601130229f7, content=不错哦继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 18 15:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=97441, encodeId=78639e441b5, content=正找呢!非常感谢!收藏了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83er7gGJY7ibia1wDTTwTL7vXbqvekMBTHAsd3KZ7btXM9tnHuicI2LdxJtIiccXeDCiaTvzkwMuribZ9oHVA/0, createdBy=c7b81713099, createdName=木水晶, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 13:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-18 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    不错哦继续关注

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158321, encodeId=9ab8158321d3, content=多关注张云盛医生的总结, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/CF573F79022E764C58F9CFFC37639068/100, createdBy=39261986506, createdName=张云盛, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 17:00:22 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158315, encodeId=2bdb158315a3, content=偶然看到我了总结的东西, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/CF573F79022E764C58F9CFFC37639068/100, createdBy=39261986506, createdName=张云盛, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 16:55:31 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=130229, encodeId=e601130229f7, content=不错哦继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 18 15:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=97441, encodeId=78639e441b5, content=正找呢!非常感谢!收藏了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83er7gGJY7ibia1wDTTwTL7vXbqvekMBTHAsd3KZ7btXM9tnHuicI2LdxJtIiccXeDCiaTvzkwMuribZ9oHVA/0, createdBy=c7b81713099, createdName=木水晶, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 13:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-11 木水晶

    正找呢!非常感谢!收藏了

    0

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