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神总结!碳青霉烯类抗生素的使用宝典

2016-05-16 李鸿政 医学界呼吸频道

碳青霉烯类抗生素是由青霉素结构改造而成的一类β内酰胺类抗生素,20世纪80年代开始应用于临床。它属于β内酰胺类抗生素的一种,其结构与青霉素类的青霉环相似。碳青霉烯类抗生素包括亚胺培南、帕尼培南、美罗培南、比阿培南、和厄他培南等等。 碳青霉烯类的特点   这类抗生素往往扮演“飞机大炮”的角色,其抗菌特征包括:1)容易进入细胞外膜,有特殊通透性;2)与细菌中所有PBPs具有强大亲和力;

碳青霉烯类抗生素是由青霉素结构改造而成的一类β内酰胺类抗生素,20世纪80年代开始应用于临床。它属于β内酰胺类抗生素的一种,其结构与青霉素类的青霉环相似。碳青霉烯类抗生素包括亚胺培南、帕尼培南、美罗培南、比阿培南、和厄他培南等等。

碳青霉烯类的特点  

这类抗生素往往扮演“飞机大炮”的角色,其抗菌特征包括:
1)容易进入细胞外膜,有特殊通透性;
2)与细菌中所有PBPs具有强大亲和力;
3)有极强的β内酰胺酶稳定性;
4)有明显抗生素后效应(PAE);
5)具有快速杀菌作用。

在抗菌界中,它们已经成为治疗严重医院内获得性肺炎、混合感染以及多重耐药菌感染的有效药物。

一般总结它们的特点为三个词语:高效、广谱、耐酶。对需氧、厌氧菌均有很强大抗菌作用,几乎通杀G+、G-菌,抗菌谱几乎包括所有临床常见的病原菌。特别值得指出的是:它们具有特别显着的抗铜绿假单胞菌活性(具体药物有差别)。这点在呼吸科、ICU来说非常重要。但也有不足,比如对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)缺乏活性,单用它们治疗肠球菌也不可靠,且也开始面临细菌耐药的问题。即便是这样,也难以撼动它们在江湖上的地位。

分别介绍几种碳青霉烯类抗生素 

亚胺培南-西司他丁:是第一个(1985年美国)上市的碳青霉烯类抗生素,算是鼻祖吧,所以后面陆续出来的帕尼培南、美罗培南、比阿培南、厄他培南等都是以亚胺培南做参考和对比。泰能的抗菌谱极广,抗菌活性甚强,对G+、G-需氧菌和厌氧菌,以及多重耐药或产生β-内酰胺酶的细菌皆有良好的抗菌活性。临床显示亚胺培南-西司他丁对败血症、尿路感染和妇产科感染的临床疗效在95%以上,对下呼吸道感染疗效为85%。

碳青霉烯类是时间依赖性抗菌药物,所以每天应多次给药。根据病情,一次0.25-1g,1日2-4次。中度感染一般可按1次1 g,1日2次给药。肾毒性相对较大,肾功能不全者应按照肌酐清除率调整剂量。

常见不良反应有恶心、呕吐、复习、药疹、静脉炎等,药物剂量较大(>4g)、有中枢神经系统疾病、肾功能损害或有其他癫痫诱发因素的患者可发生癫痫发作。需要注意的是,亚胺培南对肾去氢肽酶不稳定,必须与酶抑制剂(西司他丁)合用才能避免在肾脏的代谢,从而稳定发挥疗效。

帕尼培南-倍他米隆:帕尼培南需与倍他米隆配伍用,因为后者可以抑制帕尼培南向肾皮质转移,从而减少帕尼培南在肾组织中的蓄积,降低其肾毒性,这是一个优势。1994年在日本上市,帕尼培南抗菌谱与亚胺培南相似。对G+菌活性略强亚胺培南,对肠杆菌科细菌抗菌活性与亚胺培南相似。对大多数厌氧菌有很强抗菌活性,与亚胺培南相似或稍强。

本品不用于MRSA感染。该药已经广泛应用于成人和儿童的败血症、呼吸道感染、尿路感染、腹腔感染等,尚可用于儿童化脓性脑膜炎,疗效较好。成人每日1-2 g,每8-12 h给药1次,儿童每日30-60 mg/kg,每8 h给药1次。老年患者和肾功能损害患者应酌情调整剂量。帕尼培南的不良反应(胃肠道反应、中枢神经系统症状等)少于亚胺培南。

美罗培南:不需要与酶抑制剂合用,低肾毒性。1995年在意大利上市,抗菌谱与亚胺培南相似。对葡萄球菌和肠球菌属的抗菌作用较亚胺培南稍弱,对肠杆菌科细菌活性较亚胺培南强2-32倍。对铜绿假单胞菌抗菌活性是亚胺培南2-4倍。对厌氧菌活性与亚胺培南差不多。不用于MRSA感染。成人剂量每日为0.5-1 g,分为2-3次静脉给药。也可用于儿童细菌性脑膜炎和儿童白血病粒细胞缺乏感染,常见不良反应与亚胺培南相似,神经毒性进一步较低,偶有癫痫发生,但远比亚胺培南少。

比阿培南:比阿培南抗菌谱也相当广,抗菌活性也是相当强,与美罗培南相当,抑制铜绿菌和厌氧菌的活性比亚胺培南强2-4倍。与其他碳青霉烯类相比,肾毒性几乎为零,可单独给药,且几乎无中枢神经系统毒性,不会诱发癫痫,能用于细菌性脑膜炎的治疗,这是一个更安全、有效的后起之秀(2002年在日本上市)。迄今似乎未见有铜绿菌对它耐药。比阿培南有可能成为治疗重症肺部感染的新型药物。

厄他培南:相对亚胺培南来说,这也算一个新药(2002年美国上市),厄他培南对肾脱氢肽水解酶较亚胺培南稳定,所以不必与西司他丁等一起使用。其抗菌谱、抗菌活性均很强大,对G+菌的抗菌活性略低于亚胺培南,对G-菌则强于亚胺培南,但对铜绿假单胞菌无效,这点值得注意。除此之外,MRSA、不动杆菌菌也对本品耐药。可用于中等到重症社区获得性肺炎、腹腔感染、尿路感染等的治疗。

碳青霉烯类抗生素除了上述介绍的5种以外,尚有法罗培南(1997年),多尼培南(2005年),泰吡培南酯(2009年)等几种,本文未列入介绍,有兴趣的朋友可以自行了解。

总结  

碳青霉烯类是目前抗菌谱最广,抗菌作用很强的一类抗生素,但随着该类药物越来越广泛用于临床,目前已经出现耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌等多重耐药菌。如何合理使用该类药物,应引起临床重视。

参考文献

1、蔡柏蔷.李龙芸.协和呼吸病学 第二版.

2、陈新谦.新编药物学 第十七版.

3、王乐,张洪峰.碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的比较与选用.药物与临床.2011:8(8).

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2056594, encodeId=c3f32056594d6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ef65e3747c4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#碳青霉烯类#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73747, encryptionId=ef65e3747c4, topicName=碳青霉烯类)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=智智灵药, createdTime=Fri Dec 02 11:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=130342, encodeId=514113034279, content=不错哦继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 18 15:39:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94367, encodeId=fd739436e8a, content=学习了,很有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=136, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c2d31726222, createdName=WEIXIN9b9d1c54, createdTime=Sat Jul 23 17:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86611, encodeId=bcac86611c7, content=抗生素使用要注意, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Thu May 19 14:39:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86513, encodeId=bd3886513e0, content=好好学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=187, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d331664955, createdName=老段, createdTime=Thu May 19 06:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86036, encodeId=9336860360c, content=好东西,值得收藏~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=192, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cache2.medsci.cn/upload/content/day_160326/201603262025001865.jpg, createdBy=c7881618185, createdName=qian0416, createdTime=Mon May 16 20:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-18 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    不错哦继续关注

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2056594, encodeId=c3f32056594d6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ef65e3747c4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#碳青霉烯类#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73747, encryptionId=ef65e3747c4, topicName=碳青霉烯类)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=智智灵药, createdTime=Fri Dec 02 11:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=130342, encodeId=514113034279, content=不错哦继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 18 15:39:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94367, encodeId=fd739436e8a, content=学习了,很有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=136, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c2d31726222, createdName=WEIXIN9b9d1c54, createdTime=Sat Jul 23 17:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86611, encodeId=bcac86611c7, content=抗生素使用要注意, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Thu May 19 14:39:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86513, encodeId=bd3886513e0, content=好好学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=187, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d331664955, createdName=老段, createdTime=Thu May 19 06:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86036, encodeId=9336860360c, content=好东西,值得收藏~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=192, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cache2.medsci.cn/upload/content/day_160326/201603262025001865.jpg, createdBy=c7881618185, createdName=qian0416, createdTime=Mon May 16 20:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-23 WEIXIN9b9d1c54

    学习了,很有用

    0

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    2016-05-19 忠诚向上

    抗生素使用要注意

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2056594, encodeId=c3f32056594d6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ef65e3747c4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#碳青霉烯类#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73747, encryptionId=ef65e3747c4, topicName=碳青霉烯类)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=智智灵药, createdTime=Fri Dec 02 11:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=130342, encodeId=514113034279, content=不错哦继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 18 15:39:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94367, encodeId=fd739436e8a, content=学习了,很有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=136, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c2d31726222, createdName=WEIXIN9b9d1c54, createdTime=Sat Jul 23 17:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86611, encodeId=bcac86611c7, content=抗生素使用要注意, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Thu May 19 14:39:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86513, encodeId=bd3886513e0, content=好好学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=187, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d331664955, createdName=老段, createdTime=Thu May 19 06:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86036, encodeId=9336860360c, content=好东西,值得收藏~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=192, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cache2.medsci.cn/upload/content/day_160326/201603262025001865.jpg, createdBy=c7881618185, createdName=qian0416, createdTime=Mon May 16 20:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-19 老段

    好好学习一下

    0

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    2016-05-16 qian0416

    好东西,值得收藏~

    0

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