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超说明书用药:精神科临床用药的尴尬与对策

2018-05-03 郝伟( 中南大学湘雅二院精神科 ) 中华医学信息导报

超说明书用药是指将药物用于非批准的适应证、剂量、人群等上,又称超适应证用药、药品说明书外用法、药品未注册用法等。超说明书用药范围包括适应证、适应人群、给药剂量和给药时间。


郝伟

超说明书用药是指将药物用于非批准的适应证、剂量、人群等上,又称超适应证用药、药品说明书外用法、药品未注册用法等。超说明书用药范围包括适应证、适应人群、给药剂量和给药时间。

超说明书用药基本现状

Radley等在2006年报告,在常用的药物处方中,21%为超说明书用药。调查了每个季度美国3680名医生两个工作日的处方情况,21%为超说明书用药,28%的超说明用药有较强证据支持,72%的使用则属于证据不足或者证据不恰当。在160种最常使用的药物中,10%为超说明书用药,超过这些药物50%以上的使用总量。超说明书用药最多见的科室为小儿科、妇产科等。78.9%从儿童医院出院的患者至少有一种药物是超说明书用药。

我国精神科超说明书用药主要表现为:(1)无适应证药物的超说明书用药,如甲基苯丙胺依赖、酒精依赖、儿童孤独症和儿童精神障碍患者等;

(2)超适应证用药,将抗抑郁药物用于治疗焦虑障碍、强迫症、恐惧症、疑病症等,甚至是慢性疼痛,将氯硝西泮用于治疗失眠、焦虑等;

(3)利用药物不良反应处理临床问题:如将氯氮平、奥氮平、喹硫平、米氮平、曲唑酮、三环类抗抑郁药物治疗失眠;用抗精神病药物、抗抑郁药物治疗物质所致精神障碍和情绪障碍;将普萘洛尔用于治疗焦虑相关心悸、气短或抗精神病药物所致静坐不能 等;

(4)超适用人群和超年龄用药:如在儿童、老年、怀孕和哺乳期妇女精神障碍患者中选择抗精神病药物、抗抑郁药物等;

(5)超剂量用药:如超大剂量使用苯二氮?类药物治疗酒精戒断的震颤谵妄等。

我国精神科超说明书用药比欧美国家更为严重,主要原因包括:我国批准的适应证要明显少于欧美国家所批准的适应证,而且有些药物批准的治疗剂量范围与欧美国家不同。药物在我国人群中的研究数据有限。大多制药企业仅仅发起为药品上市的注册临床试验,药物一旦被批准上市,不再开展扩大人群的疗效和安全性观察。我国地域广阔,经济发展水平不等,一些环境因素,如药物的可获得性等,也会造成精神科医生普遍存在的超适应证处方药物。

对我国超说明书用药的建议与对策

(1)医生的责任:医生是超说明书用药的主体,前提是没有利益冲突,基于患者的利益。超适应证用药的主要对象:疾病已影响患者的生命质量或危及生命,且无可替代药品,或者常规的治疗效果不佳或不能耐受。有最佳的循证医学证据;充分保护患者的知情权。

(2)医疗机构的责任:建立超说明书用药规程及监管机制,定期召开药事管理委员会及伦理委员会会议审批超说明书用药,并在医疗机构备案;发挥临床药师的处方审核和安全监管作用;建立相应的药品管理条例、临床使用规范和适应证范围、不良反应和紧急不良事件报告制度及处理预案。

(3)药监部门:加强超说明书用药的规范性管理,将超适应证用药和不合理用药进行严格区分,从政策或法律方面赋予该行业或相关医生这样的权利。敦促相关企业对于已经有广泛循证医学证据的超说明书用药开展Ⅳ期临床试验;加强上市后不良反应的监测;法律层面上加以约束、规范行业发展和医生超适应证用药的尺度,限制药品生产商进行的超说明书用药的推广与宣传。但药商可以在会议上提供发表在杂志上的论文,以支持他们产品的超说明书用药。

(4)学术团体:鼓励科学研究,寻找科学证据,制定超说明书用药合理性标准,发表超说明书用药专家共识与指南。

超说明书用药在临床实践中非常普遍,有其合理性,精神科尤其如此。超说明书用药在帮助患者解决病痛的同时,也为医患带来了潜在的法律和医疗风险。目前我国尚无超说明用药规范或立法,希望早日出台我国《精神科超说明书用药规范》《精神科超说明书用药专家共识》,让我国无适应证药物治疗疾病患者早日得到合理药物治疗,让精神科医生的超说明书处方行为有规范可依。

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    2018-05-08 jihuaijun1112

    学习学习学习

    0

  6. 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  7. 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    2018-05-05 jihuaijun1112

    学习学习学习

    0

  8. 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time=2018-05-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=311895, encodeId=041831189516, content=学习谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4Nd44v3xHnnictn9UpctwtH62EPQ59TMdI9lnqHMgQ16nH7GmGCfpzicsHgjibYVk6vwSpXrC86gMibRkoaIzf5HwSz7/0, createdBy=78cc1691107, createdName=龙胆草, createdTime=Fri May 04 08:54:13 CST 2018, time=2018-05-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-05 执着追梦

    学习.谢谢分享

    0

  9. 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encodeId=c91131222865, content=学习.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhb9xDeHojCicsdRdyC3XXdGk2ib9yLypZuHN06WeW4HO8WN0GGrgEfvnTX8gsckof05GHOU5OM4Mvx/0, createdBy=9cee1982656, createdName=执着追梦, createdTime=Sat May 05 11:39:57 CST 2018, time=2018-05-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=311958, encodeId=a4cd311958bb, content=尴尬无处不在啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKibA62IFMeUJEmSyIe8DvYFeERuOsfrRd8iano7nENqQU1dRR3tqeQOUL3eqgYgEZRT2t2iaEsib0JEw/132, createdBy=66771693911, createdName=易水河, createdTime=Fri May 04 14:49:23 CST 2018, time=2018-05-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=311895, encodeId=041831189516, content=学习谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4Nd44v3xHnnictn9UpctwtH62EPQ59TMdI9lnqHMgQ16nH7GmGCfpzicsHgjibYVk6vwSpXrC86gMibRkoaIzf5HwSz7/0, createdBy=78cc1691107, createdName=龙胆草, createdTime=Fri May 04 08:54:13 CST 2018, time=2018-05-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-04 易水河

    尴尬无处不在啊

    0

  10. 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time=2018-05-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=311895, encodeId=041831189516, content=学习谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4Nd44v3xHnnictn9UpctwtH62EPQ59TMdI9lnqHMgQ16nH7GmGCfpzicsHgjibYVk6vwSpXrC86gMibRkoaIzf5HwSz7/0, createdBy=78cc1691107, createdName=龙胆草, createdTime=Fri May 04 08:54:13 CST 2018, time=2018-05-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-04 龙胆草

    学习谢谢分享

    0

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