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呼吸系统先天性畸形引起的疾病——肺隔离

2017-12-08 MedSci MedSci原创

肺隔离是一种少见的先天性畸形,占全部先天性肺发育畸形的0.15%~6.4%,是接受来自体循环异常分支动脉供血的一段无功能肺组织块,分叶内型和叶外型。CT表现以肿块影、囊肿影、肺内囊实性阴影为主,以下则是以薄壁空洞为表现一个病例。病史:患者男,46岁,平素体健,无烟酒及其他不良嗜好。于1年前起,劳累后出现阵发性咳嗽,咳少量鲜红色血,每天4~5口鲜血为主,伴发热,体温最高达38.5℃。无胸痛、盗汗,恶


肺隔离是一种少见的先天性畸形,占全部先天性肺发育畸形的0.15%~6.4%是接受来自体循环异常分支动脉供血的一段无功能肺组织块,分叶内型和叶外型。CT表现以肿块影、囊肿影、肺内囊实性阴影为主,以下则是以薄壁空洞为表现一个病例。

病史

患者男,46岁,平素体健,无烟酒及其他不良嗜好。于1年前起,劳累后出现阵发性咳嗽,咳少量鲜红色血,每天4~5口鲜血为主,伴发热,体温最高达38.5℃

无胸痛、盗汗,恶心、呕吐等,于当地门诊经青霉素抗菌治疗(生理盐水100ml加青霉素钠480万单位,静脉滴注,2次/d)3后体温正常,咳嗽咳痰症状消失。

病程中上述症状反复出现,患者未予重视,未行特殊检查。今症状再次出现,故来我院就诊。

查体

患者意识清楚,自动体位查体合作,全身皮肤无黄染、无瘀点、无出血点。全身浅表淋巴结未触及肿大双肺呼吸音清晰,未闻及干湿性啰音,心率70次/min,律齐,各瓣膜听诊区未闻及病理性杂音,腹平软,肝脾肋下未触及双下肢无浮肿

辅助检查:

肺功能正常

胸部CT右下肺近脊柱旁不规则形含气空洞影,直径约4cm,空洞壁薄光滑,空洞内未见积液;空洞与膈肌分界清晰,周围肺野清晰;空洞周围可见条状迂曲血管影(图1,图2,图3)。

CT三维血管成像示供血动脉从腹主动脉发出,进入空洞的边缘;引流血管粗大,入同侧的下肺静脉及左心房(图4)。


血常规:血白细胞7.64×10^9/L中性粒细胞0.67血红蛋白160g/L

其他:肝肾功能正ESR、C反应蛋白正常癌胚抗原、神经烯醇化酶正常风湿因子及血管炎相关抗原阴性痰找结核杆菌和癌细胞阴性

简要解析:

肺隔离症也称为有异常动脉供血的肺囊肿症,是临床上相对多见的先天性肺发育畸形,占肺部疾病的0.15%~6.4%,占肺切除的1.1%~1.8%。为胚胎时期一部分肺组织与正常肺主体分离,单独发育并接受体循环动脉的异常动脉供血,所形成无呼吸功能囊性包块,隔离肺可有自己的支气管。分为叶内型和叶外型,前者位于脏胸膜组织内,其囊腔病变与正常的支气管相通或不相通,临床多见;后者被自己的胸膜包盖,独立于正常肺组织之外,囊腔与正常支气管不相通。

肺隔离症的发生机制不清,常见有副肺芽学说、Prvce的牵引学说和Smith的血管发育不全学说。Prvce的牵引学说受到普遍承认,它认为在胚胎初期的原肠及肺芽周围,有许多内脏毛细血管与背主动脉相连,当肺组织发生脱离时,这些相连的血管即逐渐衰退吸收。由于某种原因,发生血管残存时,就成为主动脉的异常分支动脉,牵引一部分胚胎肺组织,形成肺隔离症。此部分肺组织与正常支气管和肺动脉隔离开,由异常动脉供应血液。在胚胎早期肺组织与原肠发生脱离时受到牵引,副肺芽位于胸膜内,则形成叶内型肺隔离症,在脱离后受到牵引的异常的肺芽出现在胸膜已形成之后,则成为叶外型肺隔离症。但牵引学说并不能解释所有的肺隔离症,有少数肺隔离症没有异常动脉,或有异常动脉而无隔离肺。无论叶外型与叶内型,肺隔离症的主要动脉均来源于体循环的分支,主要是降主动脉,也可源于腹主动脉上部、腹腔动脉及其分支、升主或主动脉弓、无名动脉、锁骨下动脉、内乳动脉、肋间动脉、膈动脉或肾动脉等。多数经下肺韧带进入隔离肺内,常为1支,也有2支或多支的情况,但较少见。动脉粗细不等,有的直径可达1cm左右。这些异常动脉壁的结构与主动脉相似,含较多的弹性纤维组织,压力较高,极易发生粥样硬化。体循环血管如何发育到隔离肺内尚不清楚,正常情况下,肺动脉源于第6胚弓,且将它的分支延伸肺原基,最初供养肺胚芽的内脏血管丛分支逐步退化,仅保留下了支气管动脉。根据公认的理论,背主动脉与肺芽周围的内脏毛细血管间有丰富的侧支交通,这些侧支血管的某支吸收、退化不全,形成异常的体循环动脉供养隔离肺组织。同时因肺隔离症的胚胎组织处于异常部位,使肺循环血管不能发育。肺隔离症静脉回流不尽一致:叶内型肺隔离症的血液回流入下肺静脉,导致左-左分流,偶有叶内型回流到体循环静脉。叶外型肺隔离症血液回流入半奇静脉、奇静脉、下腔静脉、无名静脉、肋间静脉等,此时无分流问题。

更多点评分析,趣味的学习,详情尽在梅斯医生上,您可以在这里体验模拟诊疗

完整病例请前往【梅斯医生】→病例库→呼吸/心胸外科→“反复劳累后发热、咳嗽伴痰中带血1年


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    2017-12-10 huirong
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    2017-12-08 1341ee7725m

    有很多补充!受益匪浅!

    0

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    2017-12-08 神功盖世

    学习

    0

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    2017-12-08 1e1850b7m51(暂无匿称)

    学习

    0

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