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梅奥经验:如何选择新型口服抗凝药?

2015-07-28 佚名 心在线微信

在7月24日的西安会上,美国梅奥医学院的Win K. Shen教授,针对新型口服抗凝药(NOAC)的药物特征,以及如何个体化用药,进行了清晰详尽的讲解。 药物特征差异 目前,美国食品与药物管理局已经批准四种NOAC上市:达比加群(IIa因子抑制剂),以及阿哌沙班、依度沙班、利伐沙班(Xa因子抑制剂)。我国批准的NOAC包括达比加群、阿哌沙班及利伐沙班。 四种药物的半衰

在7月24日的西安会上,美国梅奥医学院的Win K. Shen教授,针对新型口服抗凝药(NOAC)的药物特征,以及如何个体化用药,进行了清晰详尽的讲解。

药物特征差异

目前,美国食品与药物管理局已经批准四种NOAC上市:达比加群(IIa因子抑制剂),以及阿哌沙班、依度沙班、利伐沙班(Xa因子抑制剂)。我国批准的NOAC包括达比加群、阿哌沙班及利伐沙班。


四种药物的半衰期相近,都非常短。因此,药物起效、失效快,服药频率均为qd或bid。

临床试验证据

ROCKET AF研究:利伐沙班 20 mg qd vs. 华法林

RELY研究:达比加群 150 mg bid vs. 华法林

ARISTOTLE研究:阿哌沙班 5 mg bid vs. 华法林

ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48研究  依度沙班 60 mg qd vs. 华法林

对以上4项研究中超过71000例患者资料进行分析后发现:

1.脑卒中或全身性栓塞事件:NOAC不劣于华法林。

2.有效性和安全性结局

有效性

出血性脑卒中:NOAC优于华法林。

缺血性脑卒中、心肌梗死、全因死亡:NOAC不劣于华法林。

安全性

颅内出血:NOAC优于华法林。

消化道出血:NOAC劣于华法林。


3.大出血:NOAC优于华法林。


临床实践注意事项

1.警惕肾功能

● 4项研究均排除了肾小球滤过率(eGFR)<25-30 ml/min的患者;

● 经肾排泄率:达比加群80%,利伐沙班、阿哌沙班约30%,依度沙班约40%;

● 肾功能损伤是脑卒中、出血、死亡的独立危险因子;

● 对于>80岁的老年人,以及肾功能损伤患者(eGFR<50 ml/min),应谨慎使用达比加群150 mg bid;

● 肌酐清除率(CrCl)<50 ml/min的患者,应使用利伐沙班15 mg/d;

● 以下三项中,符合两项者,应使用阿哌沙班2.5 mg bid:年龄 80岁,体重 60 kg,肌酐 1.5 mmol/L;

● 对于eGFR>95 ml/min的患者,华法林较依度沙班更有效。

肾功能要点总结

● eGFR<50 ml/min、年龄>80岁或体重<60 kg的患者,需要调整剂量。例如,减小达比加群剂量至110 mg或75 mg bid,利伐沙班15mg qd,阿哌沙班2.5 mg bid;

● 终末期肾病(CrCl<15 ml/min或透析)患者不能使用NOAC。但是,Shen教授指出,在临床实践中,CrCl为 25-30 ml/min时,他通常就不再选用NOAC。

2.机械瓣膜不能使用NOAC

比较机械瓣膜患者使用达比加群vs. 华法林的RE-ALIGN研究发现,达比加群组的血栓栓塞事件及出血事件均高于华法林组,该试验因此提前结束。

3.抗栓治疗选择


4.亚洲人群

与非亚洲人群相比,亚洲人群发生脑卒中、全身性栓塞及出血的风险更大。

如何个体化选择NOAC?

● 减少缺血性脑卒中效果最佳:达比加群;

● 经肾排泄最多:达比加群;

● 每日一次剂量:利伐沙班、依度沙班;

● 对于有轻度肾功能损伤的高危患者,有明确的剂量调整指导:利伐沙班、阿哌沙班、依度沙班;

● 严重肾功能损伤、机械瓣膜患者,应使用华法林;

● 华法林费用更低。

中国患者

● CHADS2和CHA2DS2-VASc评分未被证实;

● 随机对照试验显示,在减少脑卒中和出血风险方面,NOAC效果良好;

● 或可优先选择NOAC。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1943165, encodeId=f26a19431659a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=994f5820890' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新型口服抗凝药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58208, encryptionId=994f5820890, topicName=新型口服抗凝药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c6fc262, createdName=zhangmingxiang, createdTime=Wed May 25 18:27:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=33912, encodeId=c3c33391245, content=有人两个人问过,具体怎么用记不清,复习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=144, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ded71629504, createdName=nizongzan, createdTime=Fri Jul 31 13:13:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1368247, encodeId=1347136824e91, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8a5e6242257' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#梅奥#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62422, encryptionId=8a5e6242257, topicName=梅奥)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c689267, createdName=cmj8wellington, createdTime=Thu Jul 30 04:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1377364, encodeId=d4d013e736442, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3098382134a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#口服抗凝药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38213, encryptionId=3098382134a, topicName=口服抗凝药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=49ef408, createdName=hunizi005, createdTime=Thu Jul 30 04:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=33775, encodeId=558033e75bb, content=讲的不错 <br> , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=156, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=237e1636404, createdName=longjun, createdTime=Wed Jul 29 12:29:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-07-31 nizongzan

    有人两个人问过,具体怎么用记不清,复习一下

    0

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    2015-07-29 longjun

    讲的不错

    0

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