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Nat Biomed Eng:癌症早筛再获进步,纳米技术或将卵巢癌筛查提前5个月!

2017-04-20 应雨妍 奇点网

卵巢癌是女性生殖系统常见的三大恶性肿瘤之一,其中的一种分型——卵巢上皮癌的死亡率更是居于妇科肿瘤的首位。卵巢癌根据不同的发展阶段共分为四期,而由于早期症状不明显,往往难以发现和治疗,等到晚期时,患者的5年生存率就会大打折扣。根据美国癌症协会(ACS)的官方数据,如果能在一期的时候就进行及时的诊断和治疗,那么患者的5年生存率能够达到92%。

卵巢癌是女性生殖系统常见的三大恶性肿瘤之一,其中的一种分型——卵巢上皮癌的死亡率更是居于妇科肿瘤的首位。卵巢癌根据不同的发展阶段共分为四期,而由于早期症状不明显,往往难以发现和治疗,等到晚期时,患者的5年生存率就会大打折扣。根据美国癌症协会(ACS)的官方数据,如果能在一期的时候就进行及时的诊断和治疗,那么患者的5年生存率能够达到92%!

为了这个目标,来自MIT的研究人员开发出了一种比以往更加灵敏的检测方法来检测早期卵巢癌,他们的研究成果发表在了4月10日的《自然 生物医学工程》杂志上。目前的临床检查中,无论是成像技术,如MRI,还是血液中生物标志物的检测,都只能检测到直径为1cm或者更大的肿瘤。

然而新方法的进步性已经在小鼠体内得到了证实,它可以检查出直径小于2mm的肿瘤,换算到人体中,大约能够比现有的方法提前5个月检测到肿瘤!而且,研究人员介绍,除了卵巢癌,他们的方法也适用于其他癌症。

新方法有两个重要的组成部分,一个是合成生物标志物;另一个是纳米探针。合成生物标志物的想法是由研究的通讯作者Sangeeta Bhatia教授提出的,早在2012年,她就已经在《自然 生物技术》杂志上发表了研究,寻找由肿瘤分泌的特定蛋白质作为生物标志物,这种蛋白就是基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase ,MMP)。MMP由肿瘤分泌,能够帮助新生血管并且“延伸”到周围组织中,使癌细胞能生长和扩散。

当时,Bhatia教授的团队也设计了一种纳米粒子,粒子表面包被有多肽,这种多肽可以被MMP家族的成员所切割。多肽中设计有荧光序列,在被切断之后,能够发出荧光,这些“荧光多肽”会随着尿液排出,研究人员只要分析尿液中的荧光量,就能对癌症作出诊断

然而实际总比理论要残酷一些,随着研究的推进,在2015年,研究人员构建出了用于评估这种检测手段灵敏度的数学模型。与以往基于生物标志物丰度的检测方法不同,新方法主要依托于蛋白酶的催化活性,因此,模型评估的主要有纳米颗粒遇到MMP的概率、MMP对肽的切割效率等。根据计算,当时他们的纳米颗粒是无法大量到达肿瘤周围并且检测到直径在5mm以下的肿瘤的,至少要将灵敏度提高一个数量级才可以。

所以另一个关键组成部分——纳米探针的改进就交给了新研究的两位共同第一作者,Ester Kwon博士和 Jaideep Dudani,他们都对纳米材料如何与人体的患病组织进行“交流”、如何提高诊断方法的灵敏度特别感兴趣。

研究人员对Oncomine和The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)数据库中多种癌症类型的组织样本进行了测序,发现MMP家族中MMP9的表达都出现了明显上调,利用MMP9能够将癌变组织与正常组织区分开来。而且在癌症的不同阶段,MMP9的表达水平不会发生变化,所以可以作为一个稳定的早期诊断的靶点。

MMP9在不同癌变组织中的表达,依次为头颈癌、肺癌、黑色素瘤、卵巢癌、乳腺癌、胶质母细胞瘤、结直肠癌胰腺癌、肝癌和前列腺癌

接下来在纳米颗粒的设计中,研究人员采用氧化铁为核心,通过聚乙二醇(PEG)做成的“绳子”把肿瘤穿透性肽(Tumor-penetrating peptides)和切断后可以发出荧光信号的多肽“栓”到了氧化铁的表面。

肿瘤穿透性肽在过去的研究中被用于肿瘤药物的递送 ,它能够通过与癌细胞表面的受体结合,引发胞吞作用,使纳米颗粒顺利进入癌细胞[6]。在新的研究中,研究人员发现,添加了肿瘤穿透性肽的纳米颗粒可以更多地积聚在肿瘤中,最终使得分泌到尿液中的被切割的荧光多肽的数量也有相应的增长。



受体介导的胞吞作用示意图,蓝色区域为胞外,橘色区域为胞内,红色为细胞膜表面受体

此外,研究人员还惊奇的发现,“PEG绳”的长度与MMP切割多肽的速度有关,而且MMP家族中不同的蛋白酶所对应的“PEG绳”的最适长度也不同。通过对比,他们最终确定了一个固定的长度,在“PEG绳”保持这个长度时,MMP9切割多肽的速度是最快的。但是研究人员没能探究出“PEG绳”的长度究竟为何会影响切割速度。



纳米颗粒模型示意图。核心为氧化铁(棕色),外面包被有多肽(蓝色),连接有肿瘤穿透性肽(绿色),当纳米颗粒遇到蛋白酶(红色)时,多肽被切割

在实验中,研究人员对小鼠移植了来自人类的高级别浆液性卵巢癌(HGSOC)细胞,分别用新的纳米颗粒和传统的血液中生物标志物检测进行了对比。移植两周后,小鼠体内已经出现了多个直径在2mm及以下的小肿瘤,而此时纳米颗粒组小鼠排出的尿液中就已经可以检测到明显的“荧光多肽”了。这在临床上有很重要的意义,根据临床回顾性分析,如果能在肿瘤直径小于5mm时检测到的话,患者的死亡率能减少50%!



图c:移植两周后,小鼠体内肿瘤的个数与直径统计图



图f:纳米颗粒组(绿色)小鼠从尿液测试中已经检测到了肿瘤的存在

Bhatia教授说,这个新的纳米颗粒比他们以前的版本的灵敏度提高了15倍,足以检测到直径小于2mm的卵巢肿瘤。除了卵巢癌小鼠模型,研究人员还利用冷冻的结直肠癌患者的组织进行了实验,也看到了类似的结果,而且在来自同一位患者的肝脏组织中还发现了肿瘤细胞的转移。结直肠癌与卵巢癌类似,也是属于早期没有明显症状,较难检测到的一种肿瘤。

研究人员表示,在未来的研究中,他们将继续完善,确定不同的多肽和蛋白酶与不同类型癌症的匹配度,力求做出更加个性化的癌症早期筛查工具。

原始出处:

Kwon, E. J., Dudani, J. S. Bhatia, S. N. Ultrasensitive tumour-penetrating nanosensors of protease activity. Nat Biomed Eng.

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    2018-03-09 zhaojie88
  3. 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createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Fri Mar 09 11:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1917446, encodeId=befb191e4461b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4f26341994' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Bio#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3419, encryptionId=4f26341994, topicName=Bio)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12de429, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Tue Aug 22 08:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=189674, encodeId=42571896e458, content=癌症早筛对治疗癌症及其预后很重要。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Apr 22 16:33:14 CST 2017, time=2017-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1456890, encodeId=0a121456890c9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7de159498d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#早筛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59498, encryptionId=7de159498d1, topicName=早筛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a10e5815774, createdName=nakerunner, createdTime=Sat Apr 22 12:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1521249, encodeId=a8f8152124926, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e96be73835c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#纳米技术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77383, 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Sat Apr 22 12:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=189232, encodeId=b5b3189232d4, content=癌症早期筛查,将早发现早治疗癌症,,大大提高治愈率。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Apr 21 06:47:12 CST 2017, time=2017-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=189227, encodeId=eed218922eac, content=阅读了谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Fri Apr 21 06:03:01 CST 2017, time=2017-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-22 sunylz
  4. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Fri Apr 21 06:03:01 CST 2017, time=2017-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-22 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    癌症早筛对治疗癌症及其预后很重要。

    0

  5. 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Sat Apr 22 12:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=189232, encodeId=b5b3189232d4, content=癌症早期筛查,将早发现早治疗癌症,,大大提高治愈率。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Apr 21 06:47:12 CST 2017, time=2017-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=189227, encodeId=eed218922eac, content=阅读了谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Fri Apr 21 06:03:01 CST 2017, time=2017-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-22 nakerunner
  6. 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  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881940, encodeId=78ad1881940ea, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Fri Nov 17 23:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2081355, encodeId=a5bc208135556, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57406e8506' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Eng#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6785, encryptionId=57406e8506, topicName=Eng)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Sat Apr 22 12:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=189232, encodeId=b5b3189232d4, content=癌症早期筛查,将早发现早治疗癌症,,大大提高治愈率。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Apr 21 06:47:12 CST 2017, time=2017-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=189227, encodeId=eed218922eac, content=阅读了谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Fri Apr 21 06:03:01 CST 2017, time=2017-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881940, encodeId=78ad1881940ea, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Fri Nov 17 23:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2081355, encodeId=a5bc208135556, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57406e8506' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Eng#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6785, encryptionId=57406e8506, topicName=Eng)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Fri Apr 21 06:03:01 CST 2017, time=2017-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  9. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881940, encodeId=78ad1881940ea, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Fri Nov 17 23:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2081355, encodeId=a5bc208135556, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57406e8506' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Eng#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6785, encryptionId=57406e8506, topicName=Eng)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Fri Apr 21 06:03:01 CST 2017, time=2017-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-21 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    癌症早期筛查,将早发现早治疗癌症,,大大提高治愈率。

    0

  10. 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Sat Apr 22 12:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=189232, encodeId=b5b3189232d4, content=癌症早期筛查,将早发现早治疗癌症,,大大提高治愈率。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Apr 21 06:47:12 CST 2017, time=2017-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=189227, encodeId=eed218922eac, content=阅读了谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Fri Apr 21 06:03:01 CST 2017, time=2017-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-21 刘煜

    阅读了谢谢分享。

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