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金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎,大咖教你看CT片!

2018-07-03 李土豆 张嵩 医学界呼吸频道

金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎,顾名思义是由金黄色葡萄球菌引起的急性肺化脓性炎症。

我们先来回顾一下

金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎,顾名思义是由金黄色葡萄球菌引起的急性肺化脓性炎症。



金黄色葡萄球菌本尊,虽然看起来圆圆的好像很可爱,但其实是杀人不眨眼的大魔头

金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎 常发生于有基础疾病的人群,比如糖尿病 、血液病、艾滋病 、肝病或原有支气管肺疾病者。流感、病毒性肺炎后或儿童患麻疹 时也易患此病。

病来如山倒,金黄色葡萄球菌通常急骤起病,患者高热至39℃~40℃、寒战、胸痛、脓性痰。

若治疗不及时或治疗不当,病死率极高。

不夸张的说,金黄色葡萄球菌所到之处哀鸿遍野…...
原发性金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎

原发性金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎主要表现为支气管肺炎(小叶性肺炎),以细支气管周围炎为主要组织学特征。

约40%患者是双侧肺炎,病变部位多在下叶。

病变处为边缘模糊的、直径4-10mm的气腔结节。40%的患者在接受HRCT扫描后显示小叶中心结节和分枝状线样阴影(树芽征)。


红色箭头:树芽征
白色箭头:气腔结节

而初期细支气管周围炎常快速进展为小叶、亚段或段的实变区,可为斑片或融合。15%-30%的病人发展为肺脓肿,单发多见,典型者有不规则的、毛糙的内壁。


5天内病变进展为实变影,边缘模糊,内见多发空洞影

15%成人和50%儿童患者会出现肺膨出(肺气囊征象),肺膨出通常出现在肺炎的第1周,亦可在1周后出现,并可于数周或数月内自愈。10%的成人、30%的儿童肺膨出患者会由于气囊破裂产生自发性气胸。


红箭头:气囊影

   
肺膨出破裂继发右侧液气胸

30%-50%病人出现胸腔积液,其中约半数有脓胸。


双侧胸腔积液
红色箭头:气囊影

继发性金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎

继发性金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎常继发于金葡菌性败血症及脓毒血症。

由细菌栓子经血循环至肺而引起,累及胸膜可产生脓胸或脓气胸,少数病例则由血行播散直接引起脓胸。

继发性金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎多表现为肺外周和基底部分布为主的多发点片状影或类圆形结节影,大小不等,边缘清晰或模糊。多数结节最后液化、坏死,形成空洞。


双肺多发斑片、结节、空洞影,外周和胸膜下为主

菌栓引起多发性肺小动脉栓塞,导致双肺多发性化脓性炎症,进而组织坏死形成多发性肺脓肿。

脓肿可侵及支气管,产生含气的空洞,多伴有液-气平面。


白色箭头:空洞内液-气平面


双肺多发实变、结节、空洞
红色箭头:气囊影
双侧胸腔积液
40%-70%病人可见滋养血管征。

红色箭头:血管滋养征

部分患者发生肺梗死,表现为胸膜下楔形实变区。

楔形实变区常为多发,且与结节同时出现。


双肺胸膜下结节、楔形影

金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎影像学另一特点是病灶变化快。

即使在使用敏感抗生素的前提下,也可以出现短时间内肺浸润范围、肺气囊/空洞数目增加,肺脓肿出现,常常一处炎性浸润消失而在另一处出现新的病灶,或者由少数病灶迅速发展到全肺。


■ 专家介绍


张嵩老师

◆ 山东省立医院呼吸内科副主任医师
◆ 山东省医师协会睡眠医师分会 副主任委员
◆ 山东省医学会呼吸病学分会青年委员
◆ 中国医师协会呼吸医师分会呼吸放射工作委员会委员
◆ 《国际呼吸杂志》通讯编委
◆ 先后以第一作者发表SCI论著4篇、核心期刊论著30余篇,获得省级科研课题2项,并参与多项国家及省级科研课题
◆ 2015年7月由人民军医出版社出版《胸部疑难病例影像解析》一书,2016年9月由科学出版社再版和再次印刷,现已售出6000册

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    2018-07-04 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-07-03 天地飞扬

    了解一下.谢谢分享!

    0

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