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Diabetes:β淀粉样蛋白可能是2型糖尿病发病新机制

2012-05-06 中科院营养所 中科院营养所

4月16日,国际学术期刊Diabetes在线发表了中科院上海生科院营养所翟琦巍研究组的研究论文“Amyloid-β induces hepatic insulin resistance by activating JAK2/STAT3/SOCS-1 signaling pathway”。该研究首次发现了β淀粉样蛋白(Amyloid-β, Aβ)能诱导肝细胞产生胰岛素抵抗及其相关分子机制,为2型糖尿

4月16日,国际学术期刊Diabetes在线发表了中科院上海生科院营养所翟琦巍研究组的研究论文“Amyloid-β induces hepatic insulin resistance by activating JAK2/STAT3/SOCS-1 signaling pathway”。该研究首次发现了β淀粉样蛋白(Amyloid-β, Aβ)能诱导肝细胞产生胰岛素抵抗及其相关分子机制,为2型糖尿病的发病机制提出了全新的β淀粉样蛋白假说。

胰岛素抵抗是2型糖尿病的主要特征,而营养失衡、运动缺乏、衰老和环境污染等是造成胰岛素抵抗的主要原因。从胰岛素抵抗发生的分子机制来看,目前认为炎症反应、线粒体功能受损和氧化应激、内质网应激、能量代谢紊乱、SIRT1信号通路下调、以及中枢调控紊乱等都参与了胰岛素抵抗的发生。但更多的胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病发生的分子机制还有待阐明。

流行病学研究发现糖尿病患者罹患阿尔茨海默病的机率显著高于正常人,而阿尔茨海默病患者罹患糖尿病的机率也显著增高。实验动物研究也发现糖尿病和阿尔茨海默病能相互加重症状。然而其相关分子机制目前尚不清楚。Aβ是细胞的正常代谢产物。根据阿尔茨海默病的β淀粉样蛋白级联假说,脑中的Aβ在阿尔茨海默病的发生发展中起着至关重要的作用。有趣的是在外周组织包括血液中也能检测到Aβ,Aβ主要通过肝脏代谢,但Aβ在外周组织中的作用还不太清楚。

在翟琦巍研究员的指导下,博士生张一等研究发现高血糖病人血浆中Aβ水平显著升高。血浆中Aβ水平显著升高的阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠APPswe/PSEN1dE9表现出糖耐量受损、胰岛素抵抗和高胰岛素血症,同时肝脏中也出现胰岛素抵抗。用人工合成的Aβ处理培养的肝细胞也能诱导产生胰岛素抵抗。进一步的研究显示,Aβ能上调肝细胞中胰岛素信号通路的抑制蛋白SOCS-1,并且APPswe/PSEN1dE9小鼠肝脏中SOCS-1表达也升高。在肝细胞中下调SOCS-1蛋白表达能缓解Aβ诱导的胰岛素抵抗。Aβ还能在肝细胞中激活JAK2/STAT3,并且APPswe/PSEN1dE9小鼠肝脏中JAK2/STAT3活性也更高。在肝细胞中下调或抑制JAK2/STAT3,能缓解Aβ对SOCS-1的上调及对胰岛素信号转导的抑制。上述研究结果提示Aβ可能参与了胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病的发生发展,为2型糖尿病的治疗提供了新的潜在靶点。同时,Aβ在高血糖病人中显著升高,也为胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病的诊断和分型提供了新的思路。

似乎令人难以理解的是大多数阿尔茨海默病病人并没用出现胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病。大量文献报道显示,Aβ在脑中的作用是导致阿尔茨海默病的主要原因,并且绝大部分阿尔茨海默病病人血液中Aβ水平并没用显著升高,血液Aβ水平也不能作为阿尔茨海默病的诊断标志物。阿尔茨海默病病人血液中Aβ水平并不升高这一现象,很好地解释了为何大多数阿尔茨海默病病人并没用出现胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病。

Aβ导致胰岛素抵抗的分子机理和一些已知的诱导胰岛素抵抗的分子机制有较大的不同,提示Aβ是一种相对独立的胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病的诱导因素。该研究论文首次提出了胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病的β淀粉样蛋白假说,为胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病的诊断和治疗提供了全新的思路。

该项研究工作得到了国家自然科学基金委、科技部、上海市科委及中科院等的资助。

 

doi:10.2337/db11-0499
PMC:

PMID:

Amyloid-β Induces Hepatic Insulin Resistance by Activating JAK2/STAT3/SOCS-1 Signaling Pathway

Yi Zhang, Ben Zhou, Fang Zhang, Jingxia Wu, Yanan Hu, Yang Liu and Qiwei Zhai

Epidemiological studies indicate patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and experimental studies suggest that AD exacerbates T2DM, but the underlying mechanism is still largely unknown. This study aims to investigate whether amyloid-β (Aβ), a key player in AD pathogenesis, contributes to the development of insulin resistance, as well as the underlying mechanism. We find that plasma Aβ40/42 levels are increased in patients with hyperglycemia. APPswe/PSEN1dE9 transgenic AD model mice with increased plasma Aβ40/42 levels show impaired glucose and insulin tolerance and hyperinsulinemia. Furthermore, Aβ impairs insulin signaling in mouse liver and cultured hepatocytes. Aβ can upregulate suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1, a well-known insulin signaling inhibitor. Knockdown of SOCS-1 alleviates Aβ-induced impairment of insulin signaling. Moreover, JAK2/STAT3 is activated by Aβ, and inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 signaling attenuates Aβ-induced upregulation of SOCS-1 and insulin resistance in hepatocytes. Our results demonstrate that Aβ induces hepatic insulin resistance by activating JAK2/STAT3/SOCS-1 signaling pathway and have implications toward resolving insulin resistance and T2DM.

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