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2016自然灾害传染病预防控制工作技术指南(试行稿)发布

2016-07-20 MedSci MedSci原创

近年来,我国自然灾害频发,特别是地震、洪涝、干旱等较大灾害多次发生,对当地的公共安全构成严重威胁。此外,自然灾害还伴随着造成了人与其生活环境间生态平衡的破坏,为传染病的流行创造了流行条件,进一步威胁着灾区公众的身心健康和生命安全。因此,做好自然灾害传染病预防和控制工作,对保护灾区居民健康、维护灾区社会稳定、减轻灾区损失具有重要意义。为指导各级疾控机构科学有序开展自然灾害传染病预防控制工作,特指

近年来,我国自然灾害频发,特别是地震、洪涝、干旱等较大灾害多次发生,对当地的公共安全构成严重威胁。此外,自然灾害还伴随着造成了人与其生活环境间生态平衡的破坏,为传染病的流行创造了流行条件,进一步威胁着灾区公众的身心健康和生命安全。因此,做好自然灾害传染病预防和控制工作,对保护灾区居民健康、维护灾区社会稳定、减轻灾区损失具有重要意义。为指导各级疾控机构科学有序开展自然灾害传染病预防控制工作,特指定本指南。

自然灾害发生后对传染病流行有什么影响呢?

1.供水系统毁损 
大部分自然灾害发生后,都可能造成饮用水供应系统的受损或破坏,导致在灾害发生早期存在引起大规模的肠道传染病暴发流行的风险。在水灾发生时,原有安全的饮用水源因淹没、破坏或淤塞等原因而不能正
常使用,灾害受影响人群被迫利用非清洁水源(如被污染的地表水)做为饮用水源,这些水往往被上游的人畜排泄物,遇难者遗体和牲畜尸体,以及破坏的建筑中的污物所污染,特别是在低洼内涝地区,灾区群众较长时间受洪水围困,更易引起水源性肠道传染病暴发流行。孟加拉国水灾时曾因此而造成大量人群死亡。在地震时,建筑物的破坏也会波及供水系统,导致供水中断,这对城市居民的影响较为严重。而且由于管道的破坏,管网残留水极易遭到污染。海啸与风灾时也可能发生这种情况。旱灾时,由于多数饮用水源枯竭,造成饮用水源地比较集中。在一些灾害多发的缺水地区,居民往往需要从很远的地方取得饮用水,一旦水源受到污染,将会造成严重的暴发流行。如四川巴塘曾因旱灾而发生了较大范围的细菌性痢疾流行。在一些低洼盐碱地区,水旱灾害还会造成地下水位的改变,从而影响饮用水中的含盐量和 pH 值。当水中的 pH 值与含盐量升高时,利于霍乱弧茵的增殖。因而在一些传统的霍乱疫区,常会因水旱灾害而造成霍乱的再发,并且有时延续较长时间。 

2.食物短缺 
尽管向灾区输送食物几乎已成为救灾的首要任务,但当规模较大,涉及地域广阔的自然灾害发生时,局部的食物短缺仍然难以完全避免。加之基本生活条件的破坏,人们被迫在恶劣条件下贮存食品,很容易造成食品的霉变和腐败,从而造成食物中毒以及食源性肠道传染病的暴发流行。此外,洪涝灾害常伴随阴雨天气,粮食极易霉变。而当灾害发生在天气炎热的季节时,食物的腐败变质极易发生。由于腌制食品较易保存,在大规模灾害期间副食品供应中断时,腌制食品往往成为居民仅有的副食,而这也为嗜盐菌中毒提供了条件。食物短缺还会造成人们的身体素质普遍下降,从而使各种疾病易于发生和流行。 

3.燃料短缺 
在大规模的自然灾害中,燃料短缺也是常见的现象,例如,在洪涝灾害中被洪水围困的灾区群众,或是由于地震灾害导致交通阻碍受困的灾区群众。燃料短缺首先是迫使灾区群众喝生水,进食生冷食物,从而增加肠道传染病的发生与蔓延的可能。在严重的自然灾害短期内难以恢复时,燃料短缺可能造成居民个人卫生水平的下降。特别是进入冬季,人群仍然处于居住拥挤状态,可能导致体表寄生虫的寄生和蔓延,从而导致一些本来已处于控制状态的传染病,如流行性斑疹伤寒等重新流行。 

4.水体污染 
洪涝灾害往往造成水体的污染,为一些经水传播的传染病大规模流行创造了条件,如血吸虫病,钩端螺旋体病等。洪水对于水体污染的作用是两方面的,在大洪灾中,特别是在洪灾期间,由于大量涌入水量的稀释作用,这类疾病的发病往往并无明显上升,但当洪水开始回落,在内涝区域留下许多小的水体,如遭到污染,则极有可能造成这类疾病的暴发流行。  

5.居住条件破坏 
洪涝灾害,地震,台风和海啸等,都会造成居住条件的大规模破坏。在开始阶段,人们被迫露宿,然后可能在简陋的棚屋中居住相当长的时间,并且造成人口集中和居住拥挤。唐山地震时,在唐山,天津等大城市中,简易棚屋绵延数一里,最长居住到一年以上。即使到迁回原居之后,由于大量的房屋破坏,部分居住拥挤状态仍将持续很长时间。露宿使人们易于受到吸血节肢动物的袭击。在这一阶段,虫媒传染病的发病可能会增加,如疟疾,乙型脑炎和流行性出血热等。人口居住的拥挤状态,有利于一些通过人与人之间密切接触传播的疾病流行,如红眼病等。如果这种状态持续到冬季,则呼吸道传染病将成为重要问题,如流行性感冒,流行性脑脊髓膜炎等。

6.人口迁徙 
自然灾害往往造成大规模的人口迁徙。唐山地震时,伤员后送直达位于我国西南腹地的成都和重庆。在城市重建期间,以投亲靠友的形式疏散出来的人口,几乎遍布整个中国。而在现今的经济条件下,灾区居民外出从事劳务活动,几乎成了生产自救活动中最重要的形式。人口的大规模迁徙,首先是给一些地方病的蔓延创造了条件。历史上的一些著名的疾病大流行,如中世纪的黑死病,我国云南历史上最近一次鼠疫大流行,就是从人口流动开始的。人口流动造成了两个方面的问题。当灾区的人口外流时,可能将灾区的地方性疾病传播到未受灾的地区;更重要的是,当灾区开始重建,人口陆续还乡时,又会将各地的地方性传染病带回灾区。如果受灾地区具备疾病流行的条件,甚至可能造成新的地方病区。人口流动带来的第二个重大问题,是它干扰了一些主要依靠预防接种控制的疾病的人群兔疫状态,造成局部的无免疫人群,从而为这些疾病的流行创造了条件。在我国,免疫规划已相当广泛地开展,脊髓灰质炎,麻疹的控制已大见成效,甲、乙型肝炎的发病也得到有效控制。由于灾害的干扰,使计划免疫工作难于正常进行,人群流动使部分儿童漏种疫苗,这些状态均有可能使这类疾病的发病率升高。一些在儿童和青年中多发的疾病,人群的自然免疫状态在疾病的流行中起着重要作用。无论是灾区的人口外流,还是灾区重建时的人口还乡,都会使一些无免疫人口暴露在一自然流行的人群之中,从而造成这些疾病的发病率上升。 

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    2016-09-11 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    己拜读,受益匪浅

    0

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    2016-07-25 1dea0e03m63(暂无匿称)

    不错,学习了

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=122294, encodeId=7deb12229445, content=己拜读,受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 11 09:57:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94549, encodeId=1a9d945490f, content=不错,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=9b111710540, createdName=1dea0e03m63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jul 25 00:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94192, encodeId=45cb9419239, content=我国的灾害医学救援(包括预防医学)的现场组织指挥,专业水平以及物资保障还远没有形成体系,可操作性的方案预案也不完善,还需要积累经验认真研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160722/IMG579222DB4B22E8019.jpg, createdBy=4add1927578, createdName=大宝1006, createdTime=Fri Jul 22 21:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94002, encodeId=43619400202, content=了解了解!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=10, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Jul 21 09:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93834, encodeId=aae393834f5, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Wed Jul 20 17:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93833, encodeId=1e77938330e, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Wed Jul 20 17:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-22 大宝1006

    我国的灾害医学救援(包括预防医学)的现场组织指挥,专业水平以及物资保障还远没有形成体系,可操作性的方案预案也不完善,还需要积累经验认真研究

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=122294, encodeId=7deb12229445, content=己拜读,受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 11 09:57:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94549, encodeId=1a9d945490f, content=不错,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=9b111710540, createdName=1dea0e03m63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jul 25 00:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94192, encodeId=45cb9419239, content=我国的灾害医学救援(包括预防医学)的现场组织指挥,专业水平以及物资保障还远没有形成体系,可操作性的方案预案也不完善,还需要积累经验认真研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160722/IMG579222DB4B22E8019.jpg, createdBy=4add1927578, createdName=大宝1006, createdTime=Fri Jul 22 21:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94002, encodeId=43619400202, content=了解了解!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=10, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Jul 21 09:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93834, encodeId=aae393834f5, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Wed Jul 20 17:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93833, encodeId=1e77938330e, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Wed Jul 20 17:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-21 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解了解!

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=122294, encodeId=7deb12229445, content=己拜读,受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 11 09:57:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94549, encodeId=1a9d945490f, content=不错,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=9b111710540, createdName=1dea0e03m63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jul 25 00:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94192, encodeId=45cb9419239, content=我国的灾害医学救援(包括预防医学)的现场组织指挥,专业水平以及物资保障还远没有形成体系,可操作性的方案预案也不完善,还需要积累经验认真研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160722/IMG579222DB4B22E8019.jpg, createdBy=4add1927578, createdName=大宝1006, createdTime=Fri Jul 22 21:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94002, encodeId=43619400202, content=了解了解!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=10, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Jul 21 09:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93834, encodeId=aae393834f5, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Wed Jul 20 17:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93833, encodeId=1e77938330e, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Wed Jul 20 17:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-20 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=122294, encodeId=7deb12229445, content=己拜读,受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 11 09:57:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94549, encodeId=1a9d945490f, content=不错,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=9b111710540, createdName=1dea0e03m63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jul 25 00:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94192, encodeId=45cb9419239, content=我国的灾害医学救援(包括预防医学)的现场组织指挥,专业水平以及物资保障还远没有形成体系,可操作性的方案预案也不完善,还需要积累经验认真研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160722/IMG579222DB4B22E8019.jpg, createdBy=4add1927578, createdName=大宝1006, createdTime=Fri Jul 22 21:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94002, encodeId=43619400202, content=了解了解!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=10, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Jul 21 09:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93834, encodeId=aae393834f5, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Wed Jul 20 17:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93833, encodeId=1e77938330e, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Wed Jul 20 17:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-20 doctorJiangchao

    继续关注

    0

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