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危重症哮喘发作,机械通气治疗13项技巧

2016-07-23 风风 医学界呼吸频道

患者危重症哮喘发作时,临床上常用无创正压通气(NPPV)、气管内插管机械通气进行呼吸支持治疗。一、无创正压通气1、优点:① 改善患者状况,减少镇静剂用量;② 避免气管内插管及由其引起的合并症;③ 语言和吞咽没有任何影响。目前相关研究表明,NPPV 能明显缩短重症哮喘发作患者住院或住 ICU 的时间;明显改善患者的 FEV1;明显减少哮喘患者的 Borg 评分。2、重症哮喘发作时的NPPV指针经规范

患者危重症哮喘发作时,临床上常用无创正压通气(NPPV)、气管内插管机械通气进行呼吸支持治疗。


一、无创正压通气


1、优点:


① 改善患者状况,减少镇静剂用量;② 避免气管内插管及由其引起的合并症;③ 语言和吞咽没有任何影响。目前相关研究表明,NPPV 能明显缩短重症哮喘发作患者住院或住 ICU 的时间;明显改善患者的 FEV1;明显减少哮喘患者的 Borg 评分。


2、重症哮喘发作时的NPPV指针


经规范吸入沙丁胺醇和异丙托溴胺二次后,如果患者仍具有下列一种或多种情况时应考虑 NPPV。①呼吸困难,呼吸频率>25次/分;②心动过速,心率>110次/分;③辅助呼吸机参与呼吸活动;④低氧血症,但氧合指数>200;⑤高碳酸血症,但 PaCO2 < 60 mmHg;⑥ FEV1 < 50% 预计值。


3、绝对禁忌症


高血压患者、或心肌缺血、或严重心率失常;②需要保护气道的患者;③意识障碍;④分泌物过多;⑤面部畸形;⑥严重低氧血症患者(面罩吸氧下 PO2 小于 60 mmHg)。


4、相对禁忌症


① 严重低氧血症或高碳酸血症(氧合指数<200,PaCO2 >60 mmHg);②血流动力学不稳定;③ 严重烦躁,配合不佳。


对不适应面罩NPPV的哮喘患者施以右美托咪啶可明显提高其舒适性。3 ug.kg-1.min-1,持续 10 min,然后以 0.2~0.6 ug.kg-1.min-1 持续维持。


二、气管内插管机械通气


1、指针


①意识水平降低;

②面罩吸氧 PaO2 <50 mmHg;

③PaCO2 上升导致PH下降;

④临床情况快速恶化的过敏性哮喘;

⑤患者疲劳;

⑥NPPV不能奏效的患者。


但患者意识清醒且合作的情况,高的 PaCO2 本身不是气管插管的指针。


2、气管内插管口、鼻插管选择


①经鼻插管,经验丰富的医师是比较安全的,但经鼻插管限制了官腔直径,损伤上呼吸道,导致鼻出血的合并症;

②经口腔插管,应用镇静剂,一般都会成功,常用镇静剂:氯胺酮:常用剂量为 1-2 mg/kg,异丙酚:推荐诱导剂量为 2~2.5 mg/kg,50~100 ug/kg/min静滴维持。


3、通气模式、吸气气流波形的选择


①模式:压力控制通气会造成潮气量的波动,低肺泡通气、过度通气和呼吸性碱中毒;容量控制型通气可避免上述问题,但仍需密切观察气道压力的变化;②吸气气流波形:递减波。因为 VT、TI 和气道平均压(Pplat)相当时,方波较递减波产生跟高的吸气峰压。


4、关于PEEPe设置


急性发作时,等压点位于中央不可压缩的气道,外周气道的跨壁压在呼气相保持正值,如果在这样的情况下施加 PEEPe 只能是增加呼气末的肺容量,对机体产生不利影响。急性发作时 PEEPi 变化不定,若PEEPe不能相应调整就可能大于 PEEPi,使过度充气加重。注:不主张运用或低水平运用 PEEPe。


5、气管插管呼吸机参数


依照“允许高碳酸血症”通气策略设置。① 低潮气量:5-6 L/kg;② 低频率:6-8 次/分;③ 长呼吸时间(I:E=1:2);④ 峰压:小于 40 mmHg;⑤ 平均压:小于 20 mmHg。⑥目的:减轻肺的过度充气。


6、过度充气的标准监测


① 60 秒呼出气量的测定;

② PEEPi 的测定;

③ Pplat 的测定。


如何简便判断过度通气?


在压力控制通气模式下,潮气量逐渐降低,可能提示有气体陷闭和过度通气。体格检查发现:①胸壁刚性增强;②胸片透亮度增加;③通气效率降低;④患者呼吸费力、烦躁;⑤气压伤;⑥血液动力学异常;⑦未触发的呼吸用力时应考虑有过度充气的可能性。


7、减轻过度充气的其它方法


①允许高碳酸血症通气策略;

②吸痰、扩张支气管等降低气道阻力;

③镇静、肌松、镇痛和控制体温。


8、机械通气的镇静和肌肉松弛常用药物


①肌松剂:琥珀胆碱、罗库溴铵;

②阿片类药物:芬太尼;

③镇静剂:异丙酚、氯胺酮。


使用以上方法进行危重症哮喘发作的呼吸支持治疗时,应注意防止患者自发性气胸、纵膈气肿、支气管痰栓阻塞的发生。


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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=130230, encodeId=7fd813023054, content=不错哦继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 18 15:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96827, encodeId=c8399682e61, content=对重症哮喘实用呼吸机的适应症,禁忌症都全面讲到,真好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e73d1927890, createdName=星座007, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 22:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1581632, encodeId=21611581632b2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b0779593446' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重症哮喘#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95934, encryptionId=b0779593446, topicName=重症哮喘)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a33316846488, createdName=siiner, createdTime=Mon Jul 25 13:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94496, encodeId=bcff94496d5, content=讲的很全面, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sun Jul 24 17:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94453, encodeId=f03094453e5, content=了解一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jul 24 09:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-18 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    不错哦继续关注

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=130230, encodeId=7fd813023054, content=不错哦继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 18 15:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96827, encodeId=c8399682e61, content=对重症哮喘实用呼吸机的适应症,禁忌症都全面讲到,真好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e73d1927890, createdName=星座007, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 22:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1581632, encodeId=21611581632b2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b0779593446' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重症哮喘#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95934, encryptionId=b0779593446, topicName=重症哮喘)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a33316846488, createdName=siiner, createdTime=Mon Jul 25 13:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94496, encodeId=bcff94496d5, content=讲的很全面, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sun Jul 24 17:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94453, encodeId=f03094453e5, content=了解一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jul 24 09:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-07 星座007

    对重症哮喘实用呼吸机的适应症,禁忌症都全面讲到,真好

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=130230, encodeId=7fd813023054, content=不错哦继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 18 15:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96827, encodeId=c8399682e61, content=对重症哮喘实用呼吸机的适应症,禁忌症都全面讲到,真好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e73d1927890, createdName=星座007, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 22:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1581632, encodeId=21611581632b2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b0779593446' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重症哮喘#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95934, encryptionId=b0779593446, topicName=重症哮喘)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a33316846488, createdName=siiner, createdTime=Mon Jul 25 13:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94496, encodeId=bcff94496d5, content=讲的很全面, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sun Jul 24 17:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94453, encodeId=f03094453e5, content=了解一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jul 24 09:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=130230, encodeId=7fd813023054, content=不错哦继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 18 15:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96827, encodeId=c8399682e61, content=对重症哮喘实用呼吸机的适应症,禁忌症都全面讲到,真好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e73d1927890, createdName=星座007, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 22:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1581632, encodeId=21611581632b2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b0779593446' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重症哮喘#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95934, encryptionId=b0779593446, topicName=重症哮喘)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a33316846488, createdName=siiner, createdTime=Mon Jul 25 13:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94496, encodeId=bcff94496d5, content=讲的很全面, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sun Jul 24 17:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94453, encodeId=f03094453e5, content=了解一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jul 24 09:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-24 oo902

    讲的很全面

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=130230, encodeId=7fd813023054, content=不错哦继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 18 15:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96827, encodeId=c8399682e61, content=对重症哮喘实用呼吸机的适应症,禁忌症都全面讲到,真好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e73d1927890, createdName=星座007, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 22:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1581632, encodeId=21611581632b2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b0779593446' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重症哮喘#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95934, encryptionId=b0779593446, topicName=重症哮喘)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a33316846488, createdName=siiner, createdTime=Mon Jul 25 13:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94496, encodeId=bcff94496d5, content=讲的很全面, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Sun Jul 24 17:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94453, encodeId=f03094453e5, content=了解一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jul 24 09:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-24 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解一下!

    0

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