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Sci Transl Med:维生素E和NAC抗氧化剂可促进肺癌发生

2014-01-31 MedSci MedSci原创

    最新研究结果发表在今日的《科学转化医学》上,这可能会对无数人日常口服维生素E的观念和作法带来冲击,2005年的一项调查发现,11%的美国成年人每天服用维生素E 400IU或以上,而推荐剂量是每天22.4IU。    口服维生素的基本道理是,各种抗氧化物质能能对抗体内的氧化活性物质,减少这些氧化物对细胞DNA等分子造成的伤害。因为D

    最新研究结果发表在今日的《科学转化医学》上,这可能会对无数人日常口服维生素E的观念和作法带来冲击,2005年的一项调查发现,11%的美国成年人每天服用维生素E 400IU或以上,而推荐剂量是每天22.4IU。

    口服维生素的基本道理是,各种抗氧化物质能能对抗体内的氧化活性物质,减少这些氧化物对细胞DNA等分子造成的伤害。因为DNA分子损伤和肿瘤发生关系密切,所以逻辑上推测这些抗氧化物质可以避免和减少肿瘤的发生。
    动物和小型人体实验结果也支持上述结论。但是,大规模临床研究结果并不支持这个判断(为什么这样?)。当采用随机、双盲、安慰剂对照临床研究时,抗氧化物质如维生素E、β胡萝卜素的作用变的含混不清,无法确定。更意外的是,1994年一项对29133男性吸烟者的研究发现,服用β胡萝卜素可促进肺癌的发生率。
    最新研究论文的作者,瑞典哥德堡大学分子生物学家Martin Bergö,认为,过去这些相关结果最大的特点是不确定。现在的研究结果发现,这些抗氧化物质并不是降低肿瘤风险,而是加重肿瘤发生的可能。
    Bergö和Per Lindahl本来是研究一种治疗肺癌的药物,他们使用基因工程老鼠建立肺癌模型,并将NAC(抗氧化物质)作为对照组,本来他们预测这个物质可减少肿瘤发生,但奇怪的是,NAC组动物肿瘤发生率比对照组增加了3倍。虽然结果不能让人满意,但对照组体现的抗氧化物质促进肿瘤的问题非常值得深入探讨。
    于是这个小组决定深入探讨这个问题,他们选择维生素E和NAC作为观察对象,给动物服用5-50倍日常建议剂量,人们日常补充剂量往往是建议剂量的4-20倍。结果发现,和对照组相比,这两种抗氧化物质都可以促进肿瘤发生(增加3倍左右),而因为肿瘤死亡的时间也早于对照2倍。
使用细胞培养也能验证动物实验的结果,NAC或维生素E可以促进人类肺癌细胞的增长。动物实验和细胞学研究中,NAC或维生素E都可以减少肿瘤抑制基因P53的表达,因为DNA损伤是P53表达的诱导因素,抗氧化物质可以减少DNA损伤,从而减少了P53表达。
    Lindahl说这只是动物实验结果,不能简单转化到人类。研究结果并不能作为预防肿瘤的建议,动物模型中,抗氧化物用于肿瘤已经发生的情况。因此这种研究结果不能等同于健康状态的情况。
但对吸烟者情况可能不同,因为这些人体内可能已经有一些未被发现的肿瘤,使用抗氧化物质可能会增加肿瘤风险。作者特别强调一种情况,当患有慢性阻塞性肺损伤(COPD)时,NAC作为祛痰剂常规使用,这些患者也可能是吸烟者,那么就可能非常危险了。
    德克萨斯州大学Peng Huang认为,这个研究并不能简单解释成抗氧化促进肿瘤发生,实际上,抗氧化物质应该可以帮助预防肿瘤形成,但一旦肿瘤已经形成,补充抗氧化物质反而有害。这听上去有一些难以理解,但这符合逻辑。
    人体是能够进行主动调节的体系,肿瘤发生从整体上看和其他疾病的最大区别是自身细胞出现叛变,抗氧化物质对正常细胞具有保护作用,对肿瘤细胞也具有同样作用,但保护肿瘤细胞最终的结果是促进肿瘤生长。

原始出处:


Sayin, V. I. et al.Antioxidants Accelerate Lung Cancer Progression in Mice. Sci Transl Med. 6, 221ra15 (2014)

Jocelyn Kaiser.Antioxidants Could Spur Tumors by Acting on Cancer Gene.Science 31 January 2014 343:477

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