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尤文氏肉瘤误诊为非骨化性纤维瘤1例

2017-02-15 佚名 中国骨伤

临床资料患儿,女,11岁,主因右小腿近端内侧疼痛1周于2016年4月入院。现病史:无明显诱因出现负重行走时右小腿近端内侧疼痛1周,疼痛可忍受,休息后缓解,自发病以来伴夜间低热,每晚20时体温37.5℃左右,持续约2h。无其他不适。未进行相关诊治,为进一步诊治经门诊收入我院。自发病以来睡眠、大小便、体重等基本无变化。既往体健。无类似发作史及家族史。查体:双下肢等长,右胫骨近端内侧压痛阳性,皮色正

临床资料

患儿,女,11岁,主因右小腿近端内侧疼痛1周于2016年4月入院。现病史:无明显诱因出现负重行走时右小腿近端内侧疼痛1周,疼痛可忍受,休息后缓解,自发病以来伴夜间低热,每晚20时体温37.5℃左右,持续约2h。无其他不适。未进行相关诊治,为进一步诊治经门诊收入我院。自发病以来睡眠、大小便、体重等基本无变化。既往体健。无类似发作史及家族史。

查体:双下肢等长,右胫骨近端内侧压痛阳性,皮色正常,皮温较对侧略高,皮肤无肿胀及肿块,无皮肤充血,感觉正常,右膝关节因疼痛活动略受限。余肢正常。辅助检查:实验室检查未见明显异常。影像学检查:X线片(图1a)示右胫骨干骺端可见一与胫骨长轴平行的卵圆形透亮区,呈偏心生长,未见骨膜反应及软组织肿块影。CT(图1b,1c,1d)示右胫骨干骺端可见一内有分隔的多囊性皮质缺损,边缘有硬化。MRI(图1e,1f,1g)示右侧胫骨内侧干骺端扇贝状异常信号影,大小约2.0CM×1.4CM×4.7CM,边界不清,T1WI低信号,T2WI高信号,邻近骨质可见条片状长T1长T2信号影。影像学诊断:右侧胫骨内侧干骺端占位性病变,考虑非骨化性纤维瘤。肺部CT检查:未见转移病灶。临床诊断:右胫骨近端非骨化性纤维瘤。



择期在全麻下行病灶刮除植骨术。手术所见:右胫骨上内侧纵弧形切口,见胫骨干骺端外局部软组织坏死样,骨皮质膨胀,色泽变暗,压之骨皮质破裂,薄似蛋壳,其内部为豆腐渣样淡褐色坏死组织(图1h)。经彻底刮除肿瘤组织打压植颗粒骨后植入适宜大小的同种异体骨1枚。病理:小细胞恶性肿瘤,侵及周边软组织。属于间叶源性恶性肿瘤,分型较困难,建议进一步会诊。免疫组化:ki-67(+40%),Vimentin(+),CD99(弱+),Syn(散在+)。经积水潭病理科会诊诊断为:尤文氏肉瘤(图1i)。术后诊断:右胫骨近段尤文氏肉瘤,建议转更高一级医院继续治疗。术后X线平片(图1j)示右胫骨干骺端肿瘤处移植骨位置良好。现患者在积水潭医院行放化疗治疗,择期再行二次手术治疗。

讨论

尤文氏肉瘤是一种恶性程度较高的非成骨原发性骨肿瘤。瘤组织有不同程度的神经外胚叶分化,分化较原始,属于原始性神经外胚层肿瘤(PNET)。包括骨尤文氏肉瘤、PNET、骨外尤文氏肉瘤和胸壁PNET4种类型,本例患者属于骨尤文氏肉瘤,仅次于骨肉瘤和软骨肉瘤,约占原发恶性肿瘤的6%。尤文氏肉瘤好发于10~20岁青少年,好发部位为四肢近端的长管骨。尤文氏肉瘤发展较快,早期即可发生广泛转移,病程短,预后不良。本例发病时间短,肺部及其他部位还未见转移病灶。

尤文氏肉瘤常见的临床表现:主要表现为疼痛,早期为间断性,随着肿瘤的快速增长变为持续性疼痛,大部分可触及明显软组织包块,可能本例患者还处于疾病的早期,未见包块。皮温升高,压痛明显。患者常有发热、血沉增快及白细胞增高,伴发全身症状者,常表现为肿瘤播散,提示预后不良。在应用多种放化疗治疗以前,尤文氏肉瘤的长期生存率低于10%。现在尤文氏肉瘤的治疗术前进行辅助化疗,术中病灶局部切除及放疗,术后再继续化疗的综合治疗方法。

尤文氏肉瘤的影像学特征:尤文氏肉瘤X线片及CT表现为位于长管骨骨干边界不清的虫蚀状或小片状溶骨性骨质破坏,边界模糊,伴有软组织肿块和葱皮样骨膜反应,虽然不产生新生骨和骨样组织,但可有形态多样的反应性新生骨。也有学者认为尤文氏肉瘤比较独特的表现为长短粗细较为一致的短针状新生骨和横断面扫描长骨病灶呈同心圆样改变。

本例患者未见骨膜反应等典型表现。MRI常表现为正常骨髓信号消失,而出现不规则软组织信号,TlWI呈低信号,T2WI呈高低混杂信号,其内可见坏死区和点片状出血。瘤周水肿T2WI表现为高信号,增强显示不均匀强化,能够敏感地显示髓腔的早期浸润,显示骨髓内病变的范围与实际病理对照误差仅在1CM范围之内。本例患者的核磁显示早期浸润与实际术中所见相似。

查阅相关文献提示:MRI横断位扫描可见同心圆征,其他恶性肿瘤中还未见这种征象,因此认为这是诊断长管骨尤文氏肉瘤的主要依据。非骨化性纤维瘤的影像学特征呈圆形或卵圆形的骨质缺损,紧靠骨皮质的下方位于骨干的一侧,长轴多与骨干平行,并且边缘有多偏向髓侧的硬化边,但无软组织包块和骨膜反应。

漏诊原因:(1)尤文氏肉瘤与非骨化性纤维瘤发病年龄及部位相似。(2)查体患者肿瘤区未触及明显的软组织包块,可能是本例患者处于疾病发展的早期。(3)临床症状上忽视了患者的低热症状。(4)实验室检查该患者白细胞及血沉未见异常。(5)这次误诊的主要原因为影像学检查未见尤文氏肉瘤典型的表现(如肿瘤的X线及CT边界模糊,软组织包块影及层状葱皮样或日光放射状的骨膜反应),而出现了酷似非骨化性纤维瘤的影像学特征。

尤文氏肉瘤的影像学表现缺乏一定的特征性,临床上误诊率较高,因此有时要结合多种影像检查、临床症状及病理才能够确诊。在查阅的相关文献中还未见这两种疾病进行相互鉴别,由于我院术前诊断为非骨化性纤维瘤,采取的治疗方案仅是病灶清除加植骨术,虽然不典型的疾病特征会造成误诊,但在临床工作中要对已出现的临床症状及影像学特征多加思考,不容忽视,才能提高疾病的术前诊断率,从而采取恰当的手术方案及术前术后的治疗措施。

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    2017-02-16 李东泽

    很好,不错,以后会多学习

    0

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患者男,46岁,因左眼虹膜肉质粉红色病灶就诊。组织病理学检查:蓝色的小圆形细胞增殖,膜CD99阳性,EWSR1重排,符合尤文氏肉瘤。诊断明确。治疗:异环磷酰胺、阿霉素、长春新碱、依托泊苷治疗6个周期,随后钌-106局部放疗(对眼功能的保护作用优于手术),以及长春新碱、放线菌素-D和异环磷酰胺治疗8次,使患者的肉瘤完全缓解(如下图)。考虑到患者的年龄,阿霉素和依托泊苷的使用剂量减少了25%,在每个治

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