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Neuron:线粒体长度异常会促进神经变性疾病发展

2012-08-29 Beyond 生物谷

哈佛医学院研究人员发现,产生能量的细胞器即线粒体的长度异常会促进神经变性疾病如阿尔茨海默氏症的发生于发展。 近来,越来越多的研究关注于阿尔茨海默氏症和tau蛋白有关的疾病中的线粒体作用,但线美国马萨诸塞州总医院的博士后研究员Brian DuBoff研究表示:粒体与上述疾病之间的因果关系仍是未知的。更深入地了解线粒体的功能和阿尔茨海默氏症之间的关系可能会引导我们在未来开发更有针对性的治疗手段。相关

哈佛医学院研究人员发现,产生能量的细胞器即线粒体的长度异常会促进神经变性疾病如阿尔茨海默氏症的发生于发展。

近来,越来越多的研究关注于阿尔茨海默氏症和tau蛋白有关的疾病中的线粒体作用,但线美国马萨诸塞州总医院的博士后研究员Brian DuBoff研究表示:粒体与上述疾病之间的因果关系仍是未知的。更深入地了解线粒体的功能和阿尔茨海默氏症之间的关系可能会引导我们在未来开发更有针对性的治疗手段。相关研究结果发表于8月23​​日出版的Neuron杂志上。

Tau相关疾病是由于最常见的一种蛋白质在神经元中出现故障时所造成的。Tau蛋白结合细胞中的微管,这一过程被称为稳定。这一结合微管的过程是必要的,这样微管可以帮助维持细胞的结构以及帮助细胞内分子的运输过程。当tau蛋白有缺陷时(最常见的是由于该蛋白质合成过程中发生变化),tau蛋白会积聚在神经原纤维中形成阿尔茨海默氏症的主要标记之一。

在这项研究中,在tau蛋白缺陷的果蝇中,DuBoff发现相比较于tau蛋白正常的果蝇,tau蛋白缺陷的果蝇脑细胞中的线粒体被拉长。但他指出这一伸长现象不利于线粒体发挥正常功能。DuBoff说:通常情况下,一个线粒体将一分为二,两个线粒体将会合并变成一个,这是线粒体健康和稳定的一个关键过程,几乎所有的细胞中都发生线粒体动态学发变化。这一进程的中断导致细胞死亡,大脑中的神经细胞损失功能,记忆力减退。tau蛋白缺陷的存在会中断线粒体的功能,并有助于神经退行性病变。

为了进一步观察tau缺陷的存在对线粒体动力学的影响,研究人员修改了人类tau蛋白表达果蝇中的两套基因,一个控制线粒体分离,另一个指导线粒体如何接触联系到一起。当引起线粒体延长或融合的基因增加时,果蝇的神经退行水平增加,果蝇病情加重。相反,导致线粒体分离或裂变的基因表达增加时,果蝇的神经退行水平会有所缓解,果蝇病情会逆转。

研究还表明,除了tau蛋白外,存在另外两个重要的蛋白也影响神经退化过程:DRP1蛋白和肌动蛋白,DRP1蛋白有助于线粒体的裂变,而肌动蛋白对维持细胞的结构和运动是必不可少的。Feany实验室先前的研究已表明,tau蛋白存在缺陷时阻碍了肌动蛋白的活性。有了这方面的知识,研究人员能够进一步了解三种蛋白质之间的关系。DRP1和肌动蛋白是相互依存的:肌动蛋白的调控对DRP1和线粒体聚集到一起是必不可少的,从而保护线粒体动态变化。但是,缺陷tau的存在损害这种关系,导致DRP1不能维持线粒体动力学,这最终导致神经退行性病变。

Feany说:这项最新研究有了一个好的开始,在研究神经退行性病变的前进道路上是一个里程碑,但是,我们仍然有很多研究空白需填补,需研究更多关于DRP1在这个过程中的作用。DuBoff说:许多研究开始关注一个正常的生理过程,然后随后找到其中出错的方式。我们的研究从相反角度考虑,我们开始使用疾病模型,发现了DRP1和线粒体功能障碍之后,随后回到这一功能障碍所调节的基本生物过程上去。

编译自:For mitochondria, bigger may not be better

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.026
PMC:
PMID:

Tau Promotes Neurodegeneration via DRP1 Mislocalization In Vivo

Brian DuBoff1, Jürgen Gtz2 and Mel B. Feany1

Mitochondrial abnormalities have been documented in Alzheimers disease and related neurodegenerative disorders, but the causal relationship between mitochondrial changes and neurodegeneration, and the specific mechanisms promoting mitochondrial dysfunction, are unclear. Here, we find that expression of human tau results in elongation of mitochondria in both Drosophila and mouse neurons. Elongation is accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction and cell cycle-mediated cell death, which can be rescued in vivo by genetically restoring the proper balance of mitochondrial fission and fusion. We have previously demonstrated that stabilization of actin by tau is critical for neurotoxicity of the protein. Here, we demonstrate a conserved role for actin and myosin in regulating mitochondrial fission and show that excess actin stabilization inhibits association of the fission protein DRP1 with mitochondria, leading to mitochondrial elongation and subsequent neurotoxicity. Our results thus identify actin-mediated disruption of mitochondrial dynamics as a direct mechanism of tau toxicity in neurons in vivo.

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    2012-11-19 by2021
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    2012-08-31 huangdf
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