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一种相对便宜的阿尔茨海默病潜在新疗法

2021-12-17 brainnew神内神外 网络

对小鼠的研究表明,完全消除这种蛋白质或使用药物阻断其功能可以减少与该疾病相关的大脑病理变化,并改善记忆。

 

研究人员发现了一种参与阿尔茨海默病发展的蛋白质。对小鼠的研究表明,完全消除这种蛋白质或使用药物阻断其功能可以减少与该疾病相关的大脑病理变化,并改善记忆。旨在阻断该蛋白活性的药物治疗可能是一种比目前可用的更有效的治疗方法,同时也更便宜。

日本理化学研究所12月1日消息

日本理化学研究所(RIKEN)脑科学中心 (CBS) 的研究人员发现,α-内硫素 (α-endosulfine,ENSA)与阿尔茨海默病的发展有关。对小鼠的研究表明,完全消除这种蛋白质或使用药物阻断其功能可减少与疾病相关的大脑病理变化并改善记忆力。旨在阻止 ENSA 活动的药物治疗可能是比目前可用的更有效的治疗方法,同时也更便宜。这项研究发表在科学杂志《分子精神病学》(Molecular Psychiatry)上。

研究于2021年11月4日发表在《Molecular Psychiatry》(最新影响因子:15.992)杂志上

大脑中阿尔茨海默病的标志是β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ) 的积累。多年来,研究人员一直试图确定这种情况发生的方式和原因。Takaomi Saido 和他在 RIKEN CBS 的团队开发了一种该疾病的小鼠模型,该模型显示出与人类相似的 Aβ 积累和记忆缺陷。使用这种模型小鼠,他们已经在大脑中发现了导致 Aβ 斑块形成的一系列事件。

 

其中的关键是脑啡肽酶(Neprilysin)水平降低,这本身是由生长抑素(Somatostatin)激素水平降低引起的。随着年龄的增长,脑啡肽酶和生长抑素的水平都会下降,这可以解释为什么阿尔茨海默病通常会影响老年人。

 

这项新研究的重点是通过弄清楚生长抑素如何控制大脑中的脑啡肽酶水平来治疗小鼠的阿尔茨海默病。根据第一作者 Naoto Watamura 的说法,“这个过程的第一步实际上是最困难的,因为我们必须开发一个体外系统,可以在海马神经元产生的条件培养基中筛选 Neprilsyin 调节剂。”

 

一旦他们完成了这项工作,他们就能够将 ENSA 确定为调节器。测试表明,ENSA 降低了脑啡肽酶的活性,并且在缺乏生长抑素的小鼠的大脑中它上升到异常高的水平。这意味着生长抑素通常会控制 ENSA,从而使脑啡肽酶水平保持在高水平,从而使 Aβ 在积累之前被破坏。

Takaomi Saido

接下来,该团队专注于活体动物中的 ENSA。使用 CRISPR 技术,他们创造了 ENSA 基因敲除小鼠,然后将它们与阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠进行了繁殖。这些新小鼠的 Aβ 积累量远低于原始模型小鼠,这表明异常高水平的 ENSA 可能是阿尔茨海默病的一种尚未确定的症状或生物标志物。当研究人员在模型小鼠和阿尔茨海默病患者的大脑中检测到高水平的 ENSA 时,这一点得到了证实

 

ENSA 在大脑中到底在做什么?测试表明,ENSA 阻断了海马体中的钾通道,而海马体是大脑中产生和回忆记忆所需的部分。“因为我们通过阻断ATP敏感的钾离子通道( KATP) 获得了与从 ENSA 敲除小鼠中获得的结果相同的结果,” Watamura 说,“我们推断,帮助通道保持开放可以对抗我们在阿尔茨海默病中观察到的过量 ENSA。”

 

ATP敏感的钾离子通道的拓扑图和结构图

 

为了验证这一理论,研究人员给模型小鼠喂食二氮嗪(Diazoxide,一种激活 KATP 通道的药物)并测试它们的记忆力。他们发现,虽然未经治疗的阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠表现出特征性的记忆力差,但经过治疗的模型小鼠的表现与正常小鼠一样好。对接受治疗的小鼠大脑的观察表明,它们缺乏标志性的 Aβ 斑块。

二氮嗪治疗降低了阿尔茨海默病小鼠的Aβ病理

我们的发现直接指出了一种预防和治疗阿尔茨海默病的潜在方法,” Watamura 说, “最重要的是,与 Aβ 靶向免疫疗法(例如最近获得 FDA 批准的药物 aducanumab)相比,KATP 通道的合成激动剂更便宜,并且更容易为世界各地的老龄化社会所接受。”

创办于1917年的日本理化学研究所

参考文献

Source:RIKEN
Potential new treatment for Alzheimer’s disease would be relatively cheap
Reference:
Watamura, N., Kakiya, N., Nilsson, P. et al. Somatostatin-evoked Aβ catabolism in the brain: Mechanistic involvement of α-endosulfine-KATP channel pathway. Mol Psychiatry (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01368-8

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