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Neuron:为啥吃货和饿鬼可以为了食物不畏生死……

2016-11-22 佚名 生物探索

一只饿疯了的老鼠可能会为了桌上的一块奶酪而不顾一旁虎视眈眈的家猫,不惜铤而走险去获取食物。在自然界中,动物,包括人类都生活一个包含着威胁与奖赏的环境中。这种威胁-奖赏机制如何决定我们到底是打退堂鼓还是拼死一搏呢?近日,一项来自耶鲁大学的研究回答了这一问题。一只饿疯了的老鼠可能会为了桌上的一块奶酪而不顾一旁虎视眈眈的家猫,不惜铤而走险去获取食物。这种情况在自然界十分普遍。动物,包括人类都生活在这样一

一只饿疯了的老鼠可能会为了桌上的一块奶酪而不顾一旁虎视眈眈的家猫,不惜铤而走险去获取食物。在自然界中,动物,包括人类都生活一个包含着威胁与奖赏的环境中。这种威胁-奖赏机制如何决定我们到底是打退堂鼓还是拼死一搏呢?近日,一项来自耶鲁大学的研究回答了这一问题。
一只饿疯了的老鼠可能会为了桌上的一块奶酪而不顾一旁虎视眈眈的家猫,不惜铤而走险去获取食物。这种情况在自然界十分普遍。动物,包括人类都生活在这样一个包含着威胁与奖赏的环境中。在这种情况下,多种感觉信号相互平衡、整合最终决定我们到底是打退堂鼓还是拼死一搏。在人类和其他哺乳动物中,这种多种感觉信号的整合模式是通过一种所谓的“自上而下的控制”(top-down control)来进行的。但是,这其中具体的细胞及分子机制仍然不清楚。近日,一项来自耶鲁大学的研究回答了这一问题。

在这项发表于Neuron杂志上的研究中,研究人员使用秀丽隐杆线虫来作为模型系统来探索多感觉决策的细胞分子机制。在自然环境中,秀丽隐杆线虫必须避开各种威胁,包括有毒物质和高渗环境来获得食物。这种线虫通过初级感觉神经元来探测威胁和奖赏,通过一个中间神经元网络传递这些信息,最终到达指导运动的运动前命令中间神经元。

其中,诱人的食物气味——双乙酰可以被双侧化学感受器神经元对AWA所感受;而对线虫造成威胁的高渗透环境由双侧多感觉神经元对ASH所感受。AWA和ASH将它们的感觉响应传递给感觉中间神经元关联的神经网络。这些感觉中经神经元再将输入信号传给双侧RIM感觉运动中间神经元对。

饥饿调控多感觉威胁-奖励决策

被诱人气味激活的感觉中间神经元将发出抑制性突触输入信号给RIM;而被高渗环境等危险刺激激活的感觉中间神经元将会发出兴奋性突触输入信号给RIM。RIM发出输入信号给下游神经元,从而决定是撤退还是前进。这个网络系统使得危险刺激让线虫偏向退缩并改变方向,但是奖赏刺激又使线虫继续向前进。研究人员将线虫置于高渗的环形屏障内,在环外放置食物。他们发现,被剥夺食物时间越长,线虫越容易突破危险的高渗障碍去环外觅食。
A图:线虫感觉运动控制网络。B图:线虫位于高渗环内,为了获取食物它们必须突破高渗环。    图片来源:参考文献

位于感觉运动控制网络中的RIM表达一种名为PDF-2的神经肽及同源的G蛋白偶联受体PDFR-1。研究人员通过进一步研究发现,在多感觉决策任务中,RIM中的PDF-2可以激活PDFR-1从而降低对威胁的忍受能力。

从RIM到ASH的酪胺能正反馈环路调控威胁-奖励决策平衡

出乎意料的是,激活的RIM并非通过感觉运动控制网络内的突触连接来控制威胁-奖赏决策。事实上,RIM可分泌酪胺作用于离突触较远处的渗透感觉神经元ASH上的酪胺受体2(TYRA-2),从而增强ASH对于高渗刺激的敏感性,形成一个正反馈环路,使线虫对危险的耐受能力减弱。

研究还发现,内部的饥饿状态将抑制这个正反馈环路,从而增加了被剥夺食物的线虫对危险的耐受能力。这些研究结果详细地揭示了线虫中多感觉危险-奖赏决策下的分子及细胞机制。这种自上而下的多感觉整合的调控模式意味着在与线虫相去甚远的哺乳动物中也是类似存在的。

原始出处:
D. Dipon Ghosh, Tom Sanders, Soonwook Hong et al.Neural Architecture of Hunger-Dependent Multisensory Decision Making in C. elegans.Neuron.November 17, 2016

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1751821, encodeId=2d191e51821d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9b6a12e0155' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Neuron#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12701, encryptionId=9b6a12e0155, topicName=Neuron)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c9c736410065, createdName=by2021, createdTime=Sun Jul 23 23:21:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159248, encodeId=291c1592487d, content=就喜欢这类研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ef621732290, createdName=Tulipzyz, createdTime=Wed Nov 30 23:23:31 CST 2016, time=2016-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158101, encodeId=1a65158101ab, content=讲的好,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Fri Nov 25 13:40:53 CST 2016, time=2016-11-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158054, encodeId=c46315805447, content=学习了许多先进的医学知识讲座, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161027/IMG58114E1818EA51495.jpg, createdBy=4b2c1959822, createdName=雅文博武, createdTime=Fri Nov 25 08:43:11 CST 2016, time=2016-11-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=157863, encodeId=126e15e86314, content=好难搞的研究。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=2dd71722896, createdName=studylzc, createdTime=Thu Nov 24 13:55:50 CST 2016, time=2016-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1416743, encodeId=848c1416e43a3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27c710101804' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#食物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101018, encryptionId=27c710101804, topicName=食物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e3a33221853, createdName=yhy100201, createdTime=Thu Nov 24 01:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=157455, encodeId=0c5515e45531, content=这种自上而下的多感觉整合的调控模式意味着在与线虫相去甚远的哺乳动物中也是类似存在的。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=162, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Tue Nov 22 14:27:31 CST 2016, time=2016-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-23 by2021
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1751821, encodeId=2d191e51821d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9b6a12e0155' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Neuron#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12701, encryptionId=9b6a12e0155, topicName=Neuron)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c9c736410065, createdName=by2021, createdTime=Sun Jul 23 23:21:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159248, encodeId=291c1592487d, content=就喜欢这类研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ef621732290, createdName=Tulipzyz, createdTime=Wed Nov 30 23:23:31 CST 2016, time=2016-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158101, encodeId=1a65158101ab, content=讲的好,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Fri Nov 25 13:40:53 CST 2016, time=2016-11-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158054, encodeId=c46315805447, content=学习了许多先进的医学知识讲座, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161027/IMG58114E1818EA51495.jpg, createdBy=4b2c1959822, createdName=雅文博武, createdTime=Fri Nov 25 08:43:11 CST 2016, time=2016-11-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=157863, encodeId=126e15e86314, content=好难搞的研究。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=2dd71722896, createdName=studylzc, createdTime=Thu Nov 24 13:55:50 CST 2016, time=2016-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1416743, encodeId=848c1416e43a3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27c710101804' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#食物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101018, encryptionId=27c710101804, topicName=食物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e3a33221853, createdName=yhy100201, createdTime=Thu Nov 24 01:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=157455, encodeId=0c5515e45531, content=这种自上而下的多感觉整合的调控模式意味着在与线虫相去甚远的哺乳动物中也是类似存在的。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=162, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Tue Nov 22 14:27:31 CST 2016, time=2016-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-11-30 Tulipzyz

    就喜欢这类研究

    0

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    2016-11-25 虈亣靌

    讲的好,学习了

    0

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    2016-11-25 雅文博武

    学习了许多先进的医学知识讲座

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1751821, encodeId=2d191e51821d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9b6a12e0155' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Neuron#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12701, encryptionId=9b6a12e0155, topicName=Neuron)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c9c736410065, createdName=by2021, createdTime=Sun Jul 23 23:21:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159248, encodeId=291c1592487d, content=就喜欢这类研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ef621732290, createdName=Tulipzyz, createdTime=Wed Nov 30 23:23:31 CST 2016, time=2016-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158101, encodeId=1a65158101ab, content=讲的好,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Fri Nov 25 13:40:53 CST 2016, time=2016-11-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158054, encodeId=c46315805447, content=学习了许多先进的医学知识讲座, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161027/IMG58114E1818EA51495.jpg, createdBy=4b2c1959822, createdName=雅文博武, createdTime=Fri Nov 25 08:43:11 CST 2016, time=2016-11-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=157863, encodeId=126e15e86314, content=好难搞的研究。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=2dd71722896, createdName=studylzc, createdTime=Thu Nov 24 13:55:50 CST 2016, time=2016-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1416743, encodeId=848c1416e43a3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27c710101804' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#食物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101018, encryptionId=27c710101804, topicName=食物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e3a33221853, createdName=yhy100201, createdTime=Thu Nov 24 01:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=157455, encodeId=0c5515e45531, content=这种自上而下的多感觉整合的调控模式意味着在与线虫相去甚远的哺乳动物中也是类似存在的。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=162, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Tue Nov 22 14:27:31 CST 2016, time=2016-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-11-24 studylzc

    好难搞的研究。

    0

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    2016-11-24 yhy100201
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1751821, encodeId=2d191e51821d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9b6a12e0155' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Neuron#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12701, encryptionId=9b6a12e0155, topicName=Neuron)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c9c736410065, createdName=by2021, createdTime=Sun Jul 23 23:21:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159248, encodeId=291c1592487d, content=就喜欢这类研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ef621732290, createdName=Tulipzyz, createdTime=Wed Nov 30 23:23:31 CST 2016, time=2016-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158101, encodeId=1a65158101ab, content=讲的好,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Fri Nov 25 13:40:53 CST 2016, time=2016-11-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158054, encodeId=c46315805447, content=学习了许多先进的医学知识讲座, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161027/IMG58114E1818EA51495.jpg, createdBy=4b2c1959822, createdName=雅文博武, createdTime=Fri Nov 25 08:43:11 CST 2016, time=2016-11-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=157863, encodeId=126e15e86314, content=好难搞的研究。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=2dd71722896, createdName=studylzc, createdTime=Thu Nov 24 13:55:50 CST 2016, time=2016-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1416743, encodeId=848c1416e43a3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27c710101804' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#食物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101018, encryptionId=27c710101804, topicName=食物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e3a33221853, createdName=yhy100201, createdTime=Thu Nov 24 01:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=157455, encodeId=0c5515e45531, content=这种自上而下的多感觉整合的调控模式意味着在与线虫相去甚远的哺乳动物中也是类似存在的。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=162, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Tue Nov 22 14:27:31 CST 2016, time=2016-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-11-22 ylzr123

    这种自上而下的多感觉整合的调控模式意味着在与线虫相去甚远的哺乳动物中也是类似存在的。

    0

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