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《中国糖尿病医学营养治疗指南》的更新与发展

2015-11-11 陈 伟 中国医学科学院北京协和医院 姬秋和 第四军医大学西京医院 中华糖尿病杂志

近几十年中,全球糖尿病患者数以惊人的速度增长。2007年全球约有2.46亿人患有糖尿病,预计到2030年,糖尿病患者将达3.8亿,且大部分将集中于发展中国家。中华医学会糖尿病学分会于2007至2008年对中国14个省市自治区的48 431名20岁以上人群进行糖尿病筛查。结果显示,糖尿病和糖尿病前期的患病率分别为9.7%和15.5%,估计中国受糖尿病影响的人数将达到9 240万。另据2013年《

近几十年中,全球糖尿病患者数以惊人的速度增长。2007年全球约有2.46亿人患有糖尿病,预计到2030年,糖尿病患者将达3.8亿,且大部分将集中于发展中国家。中华医学会糖尿病学分会于2007至2008年对中国14个省市自治区的48 431名20岁以上人群进行糖尿病筛查。结果显示,糖尿病和糖尿病前期的患病率分别为9.7%和15.5%,估计中国受糖尿病影响的人数将达到9 240万。另据2013年《美国医学会杂志》(JAMA)报道,中国成人糖尿病患病率已达11.6%,糖尿病已成为严重影响国人身心健康的主要公共卫生问题。
        
医学营养治疗(MNT)是糖尿病治疗的基础,是糖尿病自然病程中任何阶段预防和控制必不可少的措施。2002年美国糖尿病学会(ADA)首次提出"基于循证的糖尿病营养供给量标准",并制定出证据分级标准。2006年ADA强调,糖尿病患者应接受注册营养(医)师指导下的个性化营养治疗,以达到理想的治疗目标;2010年ADA强调由于MNT可节约医疗花费并改善糖尿病临床结局,相关保险公司或其他医疗保障应该支付MNT的费用。2013年ADA的营养治疗推荐中提出没有一种固定的饮食模式适合所有糖尿病患者,强调在循证基础上制定个体化营养治疗方案。
        
2010年,由国内糖尿病和临床营养领域的专家根据糖尿病MNT的循证医学证据以及科学研究进展,结合中国糖尿病的流行病学特点和营养现状,共同起草了我国首个糖尿病MNT指南,并在国内进行广泛宣传和应用,得到临床医务人员的认可。按照循证指南应当"与时俱进,根据临床研究证据进展随时更新"的原则,近三年来,由于《制定循证指南的方法学》更新,同时糖尿病MNT和代谢治疗领域也出现了诸多突破性进展,中华医学会糖尿病学分会和中国医师协会营养医师专业委员会决定于2013年启动《中国糖尿病医学营养指南(2013版)》的修订更新工作。
        
"新指南"总结了糖尿病MNT近18年的循证依据和干预模式,特别参照2012年WHO的《WHO指南编写指南》和AGREE协作网(Appraisal of Guideline Research and Evaluation)发展的临床指南编写方法学原则,结合《中国糖尿病医学营养治疗指南(2010版)》建立的方法学原则,最终确立方法学细节。根据方法学专家的意见,本"指南"通过系统的文献检索,收集支持证据,按照评价证据的质量和推荐意见分级。根据2012年WHO对证据的力度进行了新的定义,结合研究设计、质量以及临床一致性和实用性的评估,把证据等级转化成推荐意见分级。最高等级(A)的推荐至少有一项随机对照研究支持。最低等级(D)的推荐以专家观点为基础,包括暂无临床研究证据时,由专家形成的共识意见。按照AGREE Ⅱ质控标准的概述:对每条推荐意见,均由至少2位质控专家共同对6大方法学领域的23个具体议题进行打分,并经过加权计算后,得出推荐意见的质量水平。新指南的方法学专家组决定,参照这一方法,设立质控组,每一章节,均应由质控组2位或者2位以上专家参照上述标准进行推荐意见质控。新指南秉承2010版的宗旨,为医务工作者和糖尿病患者提供当前阶段最佳的营养干预方法。利用现有最佳证据,同时考虑治疗目标、治疗策略以及患者意愿,使患者得以转变营养模式和生活方式,以最终实现长期临床结局及生活质量的改善。为实现上述目标,新版指南建议在提供MNT的综合治疗小组中,应当由一位熟悉MNT且具备丰富营养治疗知识和经验的营养(医)师发挥主导作用,同时小组成员(包括内分泌科医生和护士)都应该熟知MNT内容并支持MNT的贯彻实施。
       

MNT的目标是在保证患者正常生活和儿童青少年患者正常生长发育的前提下,纠正已发生的代谢紊乱,减轻胰岛β细胞负荷,从而延缓并减轻糖尿病及其并发症的发生和发展,进一步提高其生活质量。具体目标为:(1)纠正代谢紊乱:通过平衡饮食与合理营养,控制血糖、血脂,同时补充优质蛋白和预防其他必需营养素缺乏。(2)减轻胰岛β细胞负荷:糖尿病患者存在不同程度的胰岛功能障碍,合理的饮食可减小胰岛β细胞负担并恢复部分功能。(3)防治并发症个体化的MNT:可提供适当、充足的营养素,有利于防治糖尿病并发症的发生与发展。(4)提高生活质量,改善整体健康水平。(5)对于患有1型或2型糖尿病的儿童青少年患者、妊娠期或哺乳期妇女及老年糖尿病患者,应满足其在特定时期的营养需求。(6)对于无法经口进食或进食不足7d的高血糖患者(包含应激性高血糖),为满足疾病代谢需求,必要时通过合理的肠外营养或肠内营养治疗,能够改善临床结局。新版指南也分别从MNT的六项功能进行分别的证据描述。
        
MNT作为糖尿病预防、治疗和自我管理及教育的一个重要部分,同时也是健康生活方式的组成部分。自1990年英国糖尿病前瞻性研究(UKPDS)到2012年Look AHEAD(Action for Health in Diabetes)研究,各项随机对照研究或队列研究均提示,MNT可改善血糖控制。糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)在治疗3~6个月后出现显著下降(0.25%~2.9%),1型糖尿病患者的HbA1c可降低约1%,具体下降幅度取决于糖尿病病程和初始血糖水平。2002年糖尿病预防计划(DPP)研究以及我国大庆研究均证实,MNT和生活方式干预能够发挥优于药物干预的作用,降低58%的2型糖尿病发生。原本计划进行11.5年的Look AHEAD研究,针对5 145例超重或肥胖的2型糖尿病患者进行以营养代餐为基础的强化生活方式干预,结果从第一年的结果即可看到降低体重8.6%并伴有HbA1c以及血压和甘油三酯水平显著降低。多中心随机对照研究显示,若有专职营养(医)师提供每年4~12次的随访观察,可使患者的HbA1c获得12个月甚至更长时间的显著改善。Meta分析结果表明,MNT亦可降低非糖尿病者的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平(15~25 mg/dl或降幅达16%);同时有助于降低体重及血压。除能有效改善临床结局外,MNT还有助于糖尿病患者以健康的方式最大限度地继续享受喜爱的食物。如果需要应用药物降低血糖,亦应与饮食和运动习惯相配合。但是,MNT的不利之处可能包括使患者感觉口感差、选食欠灵活、影响主动意愿等。此外,由于代谢应激或者临床治疗变化导致的饮食内容变化等,均可能影响MNT的效果。
        
同2010版指南一样,新版指南从糖尿病营养相关因素、MNT方法及管理、特殊人群的营养治疗及糖尿病特殊情况及并发症的营养治疗等几个方面进行探讨。除了新证据的更新外,适应临床进展的要求,特别增加了临床治疗药物二甲双胍以及α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂对营养的影响;在MNT方法中添加了碳水化合物计数法、餐前负荷等新的营养治疗方法;在糖尿病特殊情况及并发症中添加了糖尿病外科手术治疗与营养治疗、应激性高血糖等章节。
        
比如餐前负荷法(pre-load)是近10年来提出并经过临床验证的MNT新方法,旨在使肥胖、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病及恶性肿瘤等患者获得更佳的代谢控制以及临床结局。根据已有的临床证据,基于高蛋白质、缓释碳水化合物、膳食纤维以及低血糖指数的餐前负荷模式有助于降低及稳定血糖水平,并带来较高的饱腹感。对于这样一个新的方法需要了解其可能的作用机制。餐前负荷法是基于餐前30 min消化蛋白质及碳水化合物食物能够产生最大的胰岛素反应,其中小样本临床研究结果显示,餐前5~10 g乳清蛋白即可产生类似反应。机制研究显示,餐前负荷法可导致肠道释放(包含延缓胃排空带来饱腹感)以及增强胰岛素释放,并改善血糖控制的胰高糖素样肽1(GLP-1)、肠抑胃肽(GIP)等肠道多肽。Ma等的研究显示,8例给予含乳清蛋白汤类的糖尿病患者较对照组患者胃排空时间显著延缓。也有交叉对照研究显示,餐前负荷法能够增加胰岛素释放并降低餐后高血糖反应。一项大样本随机区组研究将8个欧洲国家的肥胖者分为低蛋白+低升糖指数(GI)、低蛋白+高GI、高蛋白+高GI、高蛋白+低GI四组,26个月的观察结果显示,高蛋白+低GI组患者降低体重更加有效[18]。多项研究结果显示,餐前负荷法有助于糖尿病患者的血糖控制以及体重管理,但尚缺乏长期应用大规模研究的证实,也需要进一步研究扩展其适用范围。
        
对于应激性高血糖及已经具有营养不良或营养不良风险的糖尿病患者,应用MNT,能够根据营养支持适应证选择合理的营养支持方式。营养均衡的饮食、糖尿病专用配方的肠内营养以及合理的肠外营养,有助于减少胰岛素用量和减少51%的感染并发症发生及缩短总住院时间9.7 d。这些证据均提示,MNT在糖尿病治疗中具有的重要作用。
        
为达到高效率的执行,MNT需要一个由医生、护士、营养(医)师以及患者组成的经验丰富的团队(小组)来完成。新版指南坚持重点突出、简明扼要、科学性与实践性并重,服务于临床的宗旨。不仅适用于各级医生、护士、营养(医)师、糖尿病教育、卫生管理等专业人员,而且对于糖尿病患者和关注健康的普通读者同样具有指导意义。希望新版指南能有效指导糖尿病患者,使其得到规范、持久的营养治疗,成为提高糖尿病患者生存质量、降低糖尿病及其并发症负担的有力保证,最终提高糖尿病患者的整体健康水平。本次指南的编写得到了中华医学会糖尿病学分会胃肠激素与营养协作组专家的大力支持,也感谢各领域专家对指南编写工作提出宝贵意见,并协助完成指南终稿的校对工作。

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    不错的指南,为我们探讨研究提供了方针,给点个赞了!

    0

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    2016-11-06 Tulipzyz

    不错不错,我很感兴趣

    0

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    2016-11-05 1e171f5bm53(暂无匿称)

    好!

    0

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    2015-11-15 zhouxue1990

    大庆研究雄起

    0

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    2015-11-12 1ddf23d5m57(暂无匿称)

    学习有收获

    0

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    2015-11-11 sunlong28

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