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肱骨远端骨折:如何固定才能保证恢复如初?

2018-09-30 沈惠良 姜保国 老年骨质疏松骨折

54岁女性,不慎摔倒,右肘部着地,当即感右肘部疼痛剧烈,伴活动受限。X 线片提示:右肱骨远端骨折。肱骨远端骨折属于复杂的关节内骨折之一,近年临床上提倡哪种治疗方法?

54岁女性,不慎摔倒,右肘部着地,当即感右肘部疼痛剧烈,伴活动受限。X 线片提示:右肱骨远端骨折。肱骨远端骨折属于复杂的关节内骨折之一,近年临床上提倡哪种治疗方法?

【病例介绍】

患者,女性,54岁。患者入院前4小时不慎摔倒,右肘部着地,当即感右肘部疼痛剧烈,伴活动受限。就诊于北京大学人民医院急诊,拍X 线片提示:右肱骨远端骨折,遂收入院治疗。既往无特殊病史。查体:右肘关节肿胀明显、畸形,局部压痛明显,右肘关节因疼痛活动受限,可及骨擦感。辅助检查:X 线片(急诊):右肱骨远端骨折(图2‐1‐21)。

图2‐1‐21 术前肘关节正侧位X 线片

诊断要点】

患者外伤史明确,结合查体及X 线检查,考虑右肱骨远端骨折诊断明确。X 线片为肘关节正侧位片,为更加清晰的明确骨折分型,入院后进一步行肘关节CT 检查(图2‐1‐22)。通过分析考虑为AO 分型的B3 型骨折,同时该患者的X 线片提示肱骨近端骨小梁结构变细、减少、间隙增宽,考虑该患者同时合并有骨质疏松症。

【治疗原则】

患者骨折类型为AO 分型的B3 型骨折,同时患者合并骨质疏松,分析认为最佳治疗方案为右肱骨远端骨折切开复位内固定+外固定术。

患者入院完善相关术前检查,无明显手术禁忌,于入院3天后在臂丛麻醉下行右肱骨远端骨折切开复位内固定+外固定术。

麻醉成功后患者取仰卧位。取右肘后方正中切口,长约15cm。逐层切开皮肤、皮下组织,显露游离肱三头肌。行尺骨鹰嘴V 形截骨,将肱三头肌向上掀起,游离并保护尺神经。见肱骨外髁向前方移位,肱骨小头及滑车大部分向前方移位。清理骨折端,先复位滑车,从内髁平行关节面打入2枚1.5mm克氏针,固定滑车骨块。再复位肱骨外髁,同样以克氏针固定。骨折复位后,平行关节轴线打入1枚导向克氏针,分别于肱骨干和尺骨干上钻孔,上外固定架,使关节间隙撑开。活动肘关节,见骨折固定稳定。冲洗伤口,复位截骨端,并以克氏针张力带固定之,再将尺神经前移。冲洗伤口,留置伤口引流,并逐层关闭伤口。无菌敷料包扎。外固定架临时固定于屈肘80°位。

图2‐1‐22 术前肘关节CT 扫描

图2‐1‐23 术后肘关节X 线片

患者术后第2日移除伤口引流管,行X 线检查示内固定位置良好(图2‐1‐23),术后1周开始指导患者在外固定架保护下进行肘关节屈伸活动训练。术后2周时伤口拆线、出院,嘱患者每周来院复查,在医生指导下进行肘关节功能锻炼。

【随访结果】

患者术后一年半右肘关节被动活动VAS疼痛评分0分,主动活动VAS疼痛评分0分;患者对手术的满意度评分为8分(0~10分,0分为一点也不满意,10分为绝对满意)。屈伸活动范围20°~100°,Mayo 评分为良(85分)。未发现假体松动或假体周围骨折等并发症发生,于术后1年取出内固定物,术后功能尚可(彩图2‐1‐24)。

彩图2‐1‐24 术后肘关节功能像

【经验教训】

肱骨髁间骨折由于发生率低、肘关节缺少骨性阻挡、血管神经系统易受损以及骨折难以固定等特点被认为是较难治疗的骨折之一。随着骨折治疗理论、技能的提高和手术器械及内固定物的发展,目前对肱骨髁间骨折的治疗更趋向于手术疗法,但尚存在很多争论。

大部分病例可以根据病史、体征和X 线片确诊。无移位或者移位很小的髁间骨折单靠肘关节正、侧位X 线片难以确诊。此外,肱骨髁间骨折可以发生在矢状面、冠状面和横断面,所以当X 线片不能清晰地显示骨折的状况时,一定要行CT 检查,以确定骨折部位、粉碎的程度及移位的情况。本例患者既往无特殊病史,通过查体、X 线片及进一步的肘关节CT,分析考虑为AO 分型的B3 型骨折,同时合并有骨质疏松症。但在实际工作中我们发现X 线片及CT 显示出的骨折粉碎和移位的情况有时与术中所见不完全一致。因此,在对每一例肱骨远端骨折患者施行手术之前,术者都要在心理、手术器械以及内固定物的选择方面做好充分的准备。

对本例患者,我们采取尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路,能充分显露肱骨远端关节面,避免损伤肱三头肌,将肌肉与肌肉间的愈合变为骨与骨之间的愈合,利于早期功能锻炼。鹰嘴截骨术缺点为:操作时易造成关节内骨折,增加创伤性骨性关节炎发生,导致尺骨鹰嘴骨折不愈合、内固定物脱出等。我们认为采取如下措施能有效地避免或减少上述不利情况的发生:①截骨部位最好位于尺骨鹰嘴切迹的中点,因为此处缺少关节软骨;②尽量避免使用骨刀截骨,最好用手外科专用电锯呈V 形截骨以增加骨的接触面和再固定时的稳定性;③截骨前先用一枚直径为4.5mm的钻头或两枚相互平行的克氏针自鹰嘴近端钻通髓腔以利最后的复位;④当锯至近鹰嘴关节面时改用骨刀将骨折端最终撬断;⑤尺骨鹰嘴的固定最好选用两枚相互平行的克氏针或一枚直径为6.5mm、长度不短于6.5cm的松质骨拉力螺钉行髓内固定,再结合张力带钢丝。

本例患者术后功能评分优良,我们同意“肱骨远端骨折后肘关节功能的好坏与其正常的解剖关系恢复的程度相关”这一观点。在复位欠佳的患者中,可能存在如下问题:①肱骨远端关节面正常前倾角(30°)减少或消失;②滑车关节面宽度缩小;③关节面非解剖复位。

肱骨远端骨折固定包括髁间和髁上两个部位。我们认为,在实际工作中,即使同一种类型的骨折也各有不同,因此对于每一个病例一定要进行个体化的治疗,要根据骨折的具体情况选择合适的内固定物。我们结合本例患者的特点,采用了内固定+外固定相结合的方法。我们认为用较少的内固定物获得满意的疗效是最佳的固定方式。

Wang等认为应常规行尺神经前移术。我们对本例患者进行了尺神经前移术。尺神经前移术适应证为:①内固定物位于或邻近尺神经行程;②尺神经有原始损伤。

同时,通过术后的功能锻炼,患者对随访时的肘关节功能较为满意。

综上所述,正确判断骨折的类型,根据骨折的类型正确选择手术入路,早期施行内固定术,术后早期开始正确的功能锻炼,是获得良好疗效的基础。按照这些原则施行的手术,有利于术后肘关节功能的恢复。

【专家点评】

该类患者在临床上少见,骨折虽累及了外髁和滑车,但内侧柱完好,因而属于部分关节内骨折,即B3 型骨折。治疗的关键是恢复关节面的平整。此例手术的一个亮点是采用了铰链式外固定架,使肘关节能在一定程度上被外固定牵开的位置上进行屈伸运动,这可以最大程度地减少骨折关节面所承受的压力,避免关节的早期退变。

肱骨远端骨折属于复杂的关节内骨折之一,近年临床上提倡通过切开复位内固定手术治疗肱骨远端骨折。肱骨远端严重的粉碎性骨折或者合并肘关节周围严重软组织损伤及肘关节不稳时,可以考虑在内固定的基础上使用外固定架。目前使用最多的为铰链式跨关节外固定架,它可牵开关节面,减少软骨面的撞击,维持骨折稳定并促进其愈合;允许肘关节进行早期功能锻炼;提供稳定的环境使关节囊、韧带在无张力的条件下愈合。Pennig 等认为铰链式外固定架可以使关节牵开,使发生短缩的韧带和关节囊产生拉长,使肘关节稳定复位,并可用其预防、治疗肘关节创伤后挛缩。合并有明显骨质疏松的老年患者,内固定后辅以外固定,在功能锻炼时有利于防止肱骨髁部塌陷及因骨质疏松造成的内固定失败。本例患者骨折类型为AO 分型的B3 型骨折,同时患者合并骨质疏松,分析认为最佳治疗方案为右肱骨远端骨折切开复位内固定+外固定术。

该病例术前准备完善,影像学检查将肱骨远端骨折的形态清晰完整的展示在我们面前。通过良好的术前评估,选择了适当的治疗方式。手术方案也充分考虑到了该病例的特点,术中轻柔操作,尽量保护软组织血运,降低了并发症发生的可能性,同时有利于术后的早期功能锻炼的开展。

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attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Sun Sep 30 15:01:07 CST 2018, time=2018-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=347411, encodeId=aebe34e41192, content=学习了长知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Sun Sep 30 15:01:03 CST 2018, time=2018-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=347410, encodeId=a5f734e4102c, content=学习了长知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Sun Sep 30 15:00:53 CST 2018, time=2018-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=347409, encodeId=815034e409fa, content=学习了长知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Sun Sep 30 15:00:49 CST 2018, time=2018-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=347408, encodeId=e22834e408e0, content=学习了长知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Sun Sep 30 15:00:45 CST 2018, time=2018-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-10-02 shalley68
  3. 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level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Sun Sep 30 15:00:45 CST 2018, time=2018-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-09-30 Y—xianghai

    学习了长知识

    0

  4. 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level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Sun Sep 30 15:00:45 CST 2018, time=2018-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-09-30 Y—xianghai

    学习了长知识

    0

  5. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Sun Sep 30 15:00:53 CST 2018, time=2018-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=347409, encodeId=815034e409fa, content=学习了长知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Sun Sep 30 15:00:49 CST 2018, time=2018-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=347408, encodeId=e22834e408e0, content=学习了长知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Sun Sep 30 15:00:45 CST 2018, time=2018-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-09-30 Y—xianghai

    学习了长知识

    0

  6. 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attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Sun Sep 30 15:01:07 CST 2018, time=2018-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=347411, encodeId=aebe34e41192, content=学习了长知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Sun Sep 30 15:01:03 CST 2018, time=2018-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=347410, encodeId=a5f734e4102c, content=学习了长知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, 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level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Sun Sep 30 15:00:45 CST 2018, time=2018-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-09-30 Y—xianghai

    学习了长知识

    0

  7. 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level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Sun Sep 30 15:00:45 CST 2018, time=2018-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-09-30 Y—xianghai

    学习了长知识

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1808535, encodeId=47041808535ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=268c81994d2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肱骨远端#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81994, encryptionId=268c81994d2, topicName=肱骨远端)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e2c339, createdName=by2009, createdTime=Sun Dec 16 19:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1460643, encodeId=71b31460643cf, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b08e81986a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肱骨#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81986, encryptionId=b08e81986a8, topicName=肱骨)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=70e46352899, 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level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Sun Sep 30 15:00:45 CST 2018, time=2018-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-09-30 Y—xianghai

    学习了长知识

    0

  9. 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    2018-09-30 Y—xianghai

    学习了长知识

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    学习了长知识

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