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减肥大作战,十大受欢迎的健康研究

2016-06-14 佚名 生物通

炎炎夏日,证实减肥健身的好时节。衣柜里那些轻薄的衣裙会燃起你的斗志,督促你摆脱藏了一个冬季的赘肉。为了帮助大家科学减肥,Biotechniques杂志盘点了近期最受欢迎的十项健康研究。 1. 吃得巧妙,减肥更有效 跑步是最简单易行的减肥运动。不过,要达到理想的减肥效果,光跑步可能还不够。康涅狄格大学的研究人员发现,一份科学的食谱能让你事半功倍。他们的研究显示,脂肪含量高、蛋

炎炎夏日,证实减肥健身的好时节。衣柜里那些轻薄的衣裙会燃起你的斗志,督促你摆脱藏了一个冬季的赘肉。为了帮助大家科学减肥,Biotechniques杂志盘点了近期最受欢迎的十项健康研究。

1. 吃得巧妙,减肥更有效

跑步是最简单易行的减肥运动。不过,要达到理想的减肥效果,光跑步可能还不够。康涅狄格大学的研究人员发现,一份科学的食谱能让你事半功倍。他们的研究显示,脂肪含量高、蛋白质充足的低碳水化合物饮食可以帮助长跑运动员燃烧脂肪。这项研究告诉我们,管住自己的嘴巴少吃碳水化合物是减肥的不二法门。这种饮食可以有效训练你的身体,帮你甩掉更多的脂肪1

2. 假装运动的高招

肥胖会引起胰岛素抵抗,最终导致糖尿病,这两种疾病经常是形影不离的。南安普敦大学的研究团队通过高通量筛选,找到了一种可以同时治疗肥胖症和糖尿病的小分子化合物。他们的研究表明,这种化合物能够模拟运动的效果,激活细胞的“能量感应器”AMPK,显著减轻小鼠的体重,并且降低小鼠的血糖2

3. 吃吃吃,你为什么停不下来

所有人体内都有一个维持进食平衡的体系,但人们往往抵抗不了诱惑,明明已经吃饱了却还停不下来。现在科学家们找到了这其中的原因。德国FAU大学的研究人员发现,在大脑否决饱足感信号的时候,食物中的脂肪和碳水化合物的比例非常重要。研究显示,薯片会使大鼠出现享乐性过度进食,也就是吃饱了还要吃。薯片基本上全是脂肪和碳水化合物,当食物的脂肪比例上升到35%时,大鼠会越吃越多;但当脂肪比例超过35%时,大鼠反而吃得更少3

4. CRISPR逆转肥胖

PTO基因突变被认为是最强的肥胖风险因子。MIT和哈佛医学院的研究团队发现,FTO的肥胖风险取决于一个关键的核苷酸。用CRISPR-Cas9系统对这个核苷酸进行编辑,可以在人类细胞和小鼠中有效逆转肥胖。他们在顶级医学期刊《新英格兰医学》上发表文章,揭示了这个控制人体代谢的重要通路,为人们提供了一条预防和治愈肥胖的新途径4

5. 蔗糖VS葡萄糖

自行车和长跑比赛拼的都是耐力,这些运动员通常会在比赛之前补充碳水化合物。那么,哪一种碳水化合物对耐力运动最有帮助呢?Maastricht大学的研究人员为此提供了答案。他们原本以为蔗糖更有效,因为蔗糖更容易被肠道吸收,但研究表明,蔗糖和葡萄糖的效果其实差不多。不过在消化量比较大的情况下,蔗糖带来的肠胃负担比较小。在持久运动的时候,补充蔗糖是更实际的选择5

6. 饮食主宰你的肠道菌

人类消化道中居住着大量的微生物,这些小家伙与我们的健康密切相关,许多人类疾病都与肠道菌群失衡有关。加州大学旧金山分校(UCSF)的研究团队在Cell Host and Microbe杂志上证实,膳食对肠道菌群的影响比基因更大。这说明通过膳食干预改变肠道微生物组可能比基因药物更加有效6

7. 对抗肥胖的免疫细胞

众所周知,免疫系统是机体对抗细菌、病毒和各种入侵者的保护体系。不过越来越多的证据表明,免疫系统还在代谢综合征中起作用,与体重增加、葡萄糖耐受、胰岛素抵抗等症状有关。Weizmann研究所的研究人员在小鼠中发现,一类表达perforin的免疫细胞能够消灭其他细胞。他们在Immunity杂志上发表文章指出,这些免疫细胞帮助机体对抗代谢综合征和自身免疫疾病7

8. 糖尿病和线粒体有关

葡萄糖是人体的重要能量来源。在我们代谢含糖食物的时候,血液中的葡萄糖水平也会随着攀升。人们普遍认为,血糖水平主要受胰岛素、肝脏和肌肉的影响。然而耶鲁大学的科学家们发现,大脑神经元的线粒体也在系统性血糖控制中起到了至关重要的作用。这项发表在Cell杂志上的研究显示,大脑的一部分神经元能够感觉到血糖水平的改变,它们的线粒体会随之做出适应性改变。这种线粒体改变在机体的血糖控制中起到了核心作用8

9. 不一样的脂肪细胞

众所周知,脂肪细胞来自于脂肪组织中的前体细胞。然而FASEB Journal发表的一项研究显示,许多脂肪细胞其实是骨髓生成的。这项研究描述了骨髓从头生产脂肪细胞的过程,颠覆了人们过去对脂肪组织发育的认识。研究指出,起源不同的脂肪细胞可能会聚集子啊不同的地方,对人体健康产生不同的影响9

10. 吃饱了为何就犯困?

一顿大餐之后,人们往往觉得懒洋洋提不起精神。科学家们发现,吃饱了就想睡其实是一种人类天性。因为葡萄糖能刺激丘脑腹外侧视前区(VLPO)的神经元,进而抑制大脑的食欲素神经元和其他觉醒区域。这就像一首分子催眠曲,最终导致大脑昏昏欲睡10


参考文献:
1. Volek JS, Freidenreich DJ, Saenz C,et al. Metabolic characteristics of ketoadapted ultra-endurance runners. Metabolism. 2016 Mar.



4. Claussnitzer M, Dankel SN, Kim KH,et al. FTO Obesity Variant Circuitry and Adipocyte Browning in Humans. N Engl J Med. 2015 Sep 3.



6. Carmody RN, Gerber GK, Luevano JM Jr,et al. Diet dominates host genotype in shaping the murine gut microbiota. Cell Host Microbe. 2015 Jan 14.

7. Zlotnikov-Klionsky Y, Nathansohn-Levi B, Shezen E,et al. Perforin-Positive Dendritic Cells Exhibit an Immuno-regulatory Role in Metabolic Syndrome and Autoimmunity. Immunity. Immunity. 2015 Oct 20.





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    2016-09-21 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章很好,非常有益

    0

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    2016-09-15 舒心和人

    综合各种因素,真好,感谢分享

    0

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    2016-06-14 土豆

    坚持减肥

    0

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    2016-06-14 flyingzyx

    认真学习!

    0

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    2016-06-14 夏爱诺

    论文数据支撑的减肥?

    0

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