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2019ASCO 支持/姑息治疗情报局:奥氮平对比阿瑞匹坦研究,关注化疗相关性恶心呕吐的优化管理

2019-06-11 刘巍教授 肿瘤资讯

化疗诱导的恶心呕吐(CINV)的管理仍存在挑战。奥氮平(OLN)相比阿瑞匹坦(APR)可能提供多种获益,成为目前标准治疗,尤其是在恶心的控制以及成本效益方面。然而,推荐剂量的OLN导致的镇静作用妨碍其在肿瘤临床实践中的广泛使用。

在接受高致吐化疗方案患者中,奥氮平(OLN)对比阿瑞匹坦(APR)的研究:随机II期研究的最终结果第一作者:Alexey Rumyantsev.俄罗斯联邦卫生部,莫斯科,俄罗斯联邦。

背景

化疗诱导的恶心呕吐(CINV)的管理仍存在挑战。奥氮平(OLN)相比阿瑞匹坦(APR)可能提供多种获益,成为目前标准治疗,尤其是在恶心的控制以及成本效益方面。然而,推荐剂量的OLN导致的镇静作用妨碍其在肿瘤临床实践中的广泛使用。

方法

本项随机II期单中心研究旨在比较OLN和APR对CINV的预防作用。主要入组标准为:既往未接受过化疗及放疗的患者,计划接受高致吐化疗方案(顺铂,卡铂AUC≥4, 阿霉素等)。患者按照1:1随机分配至以下两组:奥氮平 5 mg QD d0~4或阿瑞匹坦 125 mg d1,80 mg d2~3。所有患者接受昂丹司琼16 mg d1和地塞米松8 mg d1~3治疗。主要研究终点为化疗后0~120小时恶心完全控制情况(无恶心和无解救药物治疗)。完全反应(无呕吐和无解救药物治疗)是一项重要的次要终点。恶心评估采用MASCC止吐工具。样本量:94例患者使恶心控制率从40%增加至70%(α=0.05;β=0.80;估算数据缺失10%)。

结果

93例可评估的患者纳入分析。两组患者是均衡的,中位年龄为49岁,很大部分的患者为女性(95.6%)。恶心完全控制率在OLN和APR组分别为44.2%和24.0%(RR 2.5;95%CI 1.04~6.08;p=0.039)。两组患者完全反应率分别达到74.4%和54.0%(RR 2.48;95%CI 1.026~5.99;p=0.041)。非预期性镇静作用发生率无区别。

结论

我们的数据显示OLN方案在恶心控制方面占优势。该方案值得进一步研究。
临床研究信息:NCT03478605。

专家点评

《CINV still troubling patients after all these years》中指出,从1983年至2016年的多项研究显示,化疗相关性恶心呕吐(CINV)一直是排在第一位困扰癌症患者的症状。

尽管当前拥有免疫治疗、分子靶向药物治疗等致吐性更低的治疗方案,但化疗的基石地位短期内仍难以动摇,发表在Am J Manag Care. 2018 Oct.上的《Strategies to improve CINV outcomes in managed care》文章提出“零CINV”应该是临床肿瘤医生为之奋斗的目标,有关CINV的优化管理/干预仍然是全球学者探索的重要课题。

俄罗斯Alexey Rumyantsev团队今年ASCO报道了一项针对93例接受高致吐风险化疗方案患者的随机对照奥氮平(OLN)对比阿瑞匹坦(APR)的单中心II期研究,方案设计并无新奇之处,相似研究屡见报道,但亮点在于研究将恶心完全控制情况做为首要观察终点,结果显示OLN方案在恶心控制方面占明显优势。笔者认为这项研究的确不失为一项有意义的探索和尝试,近年来诸多文献指出恶心仍然是患者未满足的需求之一,却往往被临床医生所忽视。关注恶心的管理非常必要且必须。但我们同时需要注意,该研究入组患者较少,均为初始接受化/化放疗的患者,且单周期疗效观察,因此,我们需要更详细的资料解释为何95.6%的参与者为女性?以及这样的入组人群是否会影响到研究结果?!总之,该研究所得出的结论尚缺乏普适性,未来需要进一步扩大受试者的数量和范围予以证实。

实际上,近几年来奥氮平做为预防/治疗CINV的重要药物在各大学术会议上已被广泛讨论,如今年ASCO大会中日本学者发布的J-FORCE研究采用标准高风险止吐方案(阿瑞匹坦、帕洛诺司琼、地塞米松)联合奥氮平或安慰剂预防接受顺铂为基础方案的CINV的随机对照III期临床研究(ABS 11503)显示,奥氮平5mg的4药联合方案明显优于标准3药方案,可以考虑作为新的顺铂为基础CINV的标准预防方案。

我们发现两个研究的设计思路不同。日本J-FORCE研究思路为多药联合方案可能取得更好疗效。而俄罗斯研究则从药物经济学角度出发,用较为经济的奥氮平替代阿瑞匹坦,昂丹司琼替代帕洛诺司琼进行研究。我们特别希望看到这样不同思路的研究,这会使得我们在临床实际操作中的依据更充分且全面,但同时不能忽视的是临床实践的多样性和复杂性。

回归我国国情,我们要关注到奥氮平尽管已经是各大指南推荐的止吐药物之一,但在中国大陆并没有相关适应证且有过度镇静的风险,需要在精神科专家指导下应用。此外,延迟性恶心呕吐乃由NK1受体介导的中枢途径为主 ,考虑到奥氮平和阿瑞匹坦预防CINV的作用机制存在差别,NK1受体拮抗剂在CINV管理中更是举足轻重的药物,如何将right durg 及早应用给right patients 的确对临床工作者是一项巨大的挑战,需要更有力的循证医学的支持。

此外,对于CINV的管理不仅仅需要关注药物的致吐性,更重要的是需要对患者的个体因素进行评估,如加拿大渥太华医院研发的CINV风险模型充分考虑了化疗药物本身和患者的自身情况,并将此模型电子化,进入http://www.rishcinv.org网站后,按照指引简单填写化疗方案,用药周期,性别,年龄,预期发生CINV,孕吐史,睡眠时间,既往用药等信息后,网站会自动计算患者发生呕吐的风险并推荐相应的止吐方案,进而指导临床践行,以初级人工智能的形式实现了CINV管理以人为本的目标!

CINV的管理也是一项caring for every patient, learning from every patient的重要实践。

巍主任、教授、主任医师、博士生导师,北京大学肿瘤医院姑息治疗中心 & Day care 病房主任,国务院特殊津贴专家,中国医疗保健国际交流促进会 常务理事/CAHPC前任主任委员 ,中国抗癌协会癌症康复与姑息专业委员会 常委,中国抗癌协会肿瘤临床化疗专业委员会 常委,中国临床肿瘤学会 理事,癌症支持治疗多国协会(MASCC)会员,中国博士后科学基金会 评审专家,国家自然科学基金 评审专家,国家卫健委“癌痛规范化示范病房”评审专家 。

寇芙蓉医学博士,北京大学肿瘤医院 日间病房 主治医师,主要从事恶性肿瘤的化疗及姑息治疗,多次参与国内外学术交流,在SCI及国内核心杂志发表多篇论文,参与编写《肿瘤姑息支持治疗教程》。

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