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一篇文章搞定关节痛!

2017-01-10 佚名 内科临床思维

引起关节疼痛的疾病种类繁多,病因复杂。关节痛可以是单纯的关节病变,也可能是全身疾病的局部表现。

关节痛是由于关节局部和邻近组织病变或全身疾患累及关节所致的临床症状。关节组成包括软骨、关节囊和关节腔三个部分,周围软组织包括韧带、肌腱、滑囊、筋膜等。当其受到外力牵拉、挤压、撕裂或肿瘤压迫,或炎症产生化学物质的刺激,或关节腔积液产生的机械压迫等均可引起关节痛。

引起关节疼痛的疾病种类繁多,病因复杂。关节痛可以是单纯的关节病变,也可能是全身疾病的局部表现。

哪些疾病可以导致关节痛?

1.外伤

①急性损伤

因外力碰撞关节或使关节过度伸展扭曲,关节骨质、肌肉、韧带等结构损伤,造成关节脱位或骨折,血管破裂出血,组织液渗出,关节肿胀疼痛。

②慢性损伤

持续的慢性机械损伤,或急性外伤后关节面破损留下粗糙瘢痕,使关节润滑作用消失,长期摩擦关节面,产生慢性损伤。关节长期负重,使关节软骨及关节面破坏。关节活动过度,可造成关节软骨的累积性损伤。关节扭伤处理不当或骨折愈合不良,畸形愈合所致负藿不平衡,造成关节慢性损伤。

2.感染细菌直接侵入关节内

外伤后细菌侵入关节;

败血症时细菌经血液到达关节内;

关节邻近骨髓炎、软组织炎症、脓肿蔓延至关节内;

关节穿刺时消毒不严或将关节外细菌带入关节内。

常见的病原菌有葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、脑膜炎球菌、结核杆菌和梅毒螺旋体等。

3.变态反应和自身免疫

因病原微生物及其产物、药物、异种血清与血液中的抗体形成免疫复合物,流经关节沉积在关节腔引起组织损伤和关节病变。

如类风湿关节炎,细菌性痢疾,过敏性紫癜和结核菌感染后反应性关节炎。

如外来抗原或理化因素使宿主组织成分改变,形成自身抗原刺激机体产生自身抗体,引起器官和非器官特异性自身免疫病。

关节病变是全身性损害之一,表现为滑膜充血水肿,软骨进行性破坏,形成畸形如类风湿关节炎,系统性红斑狼疮引起的关节病变。

4.退行性关节病

原发性无明显局部病因。多见于肥胖老人,女性多见,有家族史,常有多关节受累。

继发性骨关节病变多有创伤,感染或先天性畸形等基础病变,并与吸烟、肥胖和熏体力劳动有关。病理变化为关节软骨退化变薄,软骨细胞萎缩,碎裂坏死,软骨下组织硬化,骨小梁稀疏囊性变,骨关节边缘有骨赘形成,滑膜充血水肿。

5.代谢性骨病

维生素D代谢障碍所致的骨质软化性骨关节病,如阳光照射不足、消化不良、维生素D缺乏和磷摄入不足等。

各种病因所致的骨质疏松性关节病,如老年性、失用性骨质疏松;

脂质代谢障碍所致的高脂血症性关节病,骨膜和关节腔组织脂蛋白转运代谢障碍性关节炎;

嘌呤代谢障碍所致的痛风;

以及某些代谢内分泌疾病如糖尿病性骨病;

皮质醇增多症性骨病;

甲状腺或甲状旁腺疾病引起的骨关节病均可出现关节疼痛。

6.骨关节肿瘤

良性肿瘤如骨样骨瘤,骨软骨瘤,骨巨细胞瘤和骨纤维异常增殖症。

恶性骨肿瘤如骨肉瘤,软骨肉瘤,骨纤维肉瘤,滑膜肉瘤和转移性骨肿瘤。

7.药物性关节病

①急性痛风可由口服利尿剂,或由促尿酸排泄药物所激发。

②大剂量应用铁葡聚糖可使类风湿性关节炎症状加重。

③关节内反复注射皮质激素可引起关节软骨的破坏性改变,而导致关节疼痛。

④在一些罕见的病例、服用巴比妥酸盐可引起称为巴比妥酸盐风湿病的关节疼痛。

⑤大剂量长期应用皮质激素可诱发股骨头坏死、产生髋关节疼痛。

问诊发现诊断线索

1.起病方式

突然发生关节痛见于外伤、Reiter综合征、关节腔内出血(如血友病性关节炎)、痛风等。急性痛风常在夜间发生疼痛,损伤、手术、过度进食或饮酒后常可诱发。骨关节炎、类风湿性关节炎、结核性关节炎、大骨节病等起病缓慢,病程较长。风湿性关节炎、银屑病性关节炎、风湿性多肌痛起病可急可缓。

2.受累关节

是单关节痛还是多关节痛,是大关节痛还是小关节痛化脓性关节炎、结核性关节炎、关节肿瘤、外伤性关节炎常为累及单关节,而风湿性关节炎、类风湿性关节炎、其他结缔组织病引起的关节炎、关节炎型过敏性紫癜、骨关节炎常累及多关节。痛风病人初发时,90%侵犯单一关节,慢性期常发展为多关节炎。风湿性关节炎主要侵犯大关节,呈游走性疼痛。外伤性关节炎、骨关节炎好发在负重大的关节,如髋、膝关节。类风湿关节炎主要累及四肢小关节,尤其是近端指间关节。痛风性关节炎好发于拇趾和第一跖趾关节。

3.疼痛范围和程度

局限性剧烈疼痛见于外伤、关节内骨折、韧带撕裂、痛风、成骨肉瘤、尤文瘤等;局部轻度疼痛见于陈旧性骨外伤。弥漫性剧烈疼痛见于急性化脓性关节炎、关节内大血肿;弥漫性轻度疼痛见于关节结核、类风湿性关节炎、红斑狼疮关节炎、骨关节炎等。

4.影响疼痛因素

风湿性和类风湿性关节炎,寒冷、潮湿使疼痛加剧;化脓性、结核性、类风湿性关节炎、急性外伤、骨关节炎等活动时疼痛加剧,静止或休息后好转;恶性肿瘤引起关节痛与活动或休息无关。儿童关节结核常有痛醒史;痛风关节炎常在夜间发作;风湿和类风湿性关节炎常在刚醒时疼痛加剧,稍微活动后可改善。

5.既往史

外伤性关节炎常有关节外伤史;风湿性关节炎常有呼吸道链球菌感染史;关节炎型过敏性紫癜起病前1—3周常有上呼吸道感染史;Reiter综合征发病前可有福氏痢疾杆菌感染史;炎症性肠病关节炎常有克罗恩病或溃疡性结肠炎病史。

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    2017-03-24 1e13876fm02(暂无匿称)

    学习分享了,谢谢

    0

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    2017-01-19 ghy

    非常感谢分享!

    0

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    2017-01-17 溜溜梅不酸

    很全,先收藏了

    0

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    2017-01-15 ylzr123

    引起关节疼痛的疾病种类繁多,病因复杂。关节痛可以是单纯的关节病变,也可能是全身疾病的局部表现。

    0

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    2017-01-10 半夏微凉

    讲的挺好!

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=182302, encodeId=df1a1823028d, content=学习分享了,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3d5b1961515, createdName=1e13876fm02(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Mar 24 05:52:08 CST 2017, time=2017-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=171304, encodeId=84e51e130410, content=非常感谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=124, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=b87592429, createdName=ghy, createdTime=Thu Jan 19 07:47:54 CST 2017, time=2017-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=170807, encodeId=afa91e080761, content=很全,先收藏了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0ad01994393, createdName=溜溜梅不酸, createdTime=Tue Jan 17 00:25:38 CST 2017, time=2017-01-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=170474, encodeId=519e1e0474f2, content=引起关节疼痛的疾病种类繁多,病因复杂。关节痛可以是单纯的关节病变,也可能是全身疾病的局部表现。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sun Jan 15 09:37:29 CST 2017, time=2017-01-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1560100, encodeId=5c86156010021, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=41d9301263d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#关节痛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30126, encryptionId=41d9301263d, topicName=关节痛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c04e15069172, createdName=zhao4621, createdTime=Thu Jan 12 00:25:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1566109, encodeId=b4ab15661092f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=41d9301263d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#关节痛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30126, encryptionId=41d9301263d, topicName=关节痛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c04e15069172, createdName=zhao4621, createdTime=Thu Jan 12 00:25:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169310, encodeId=f2191693103c, content=讲的挺好!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo5nmIH5IQqCKjJgSCuicPWUWOUcdqt1ROPnEiaOYN4pSHibDv8la3OxNLalvuvUXn8clpJlrpuyTpckgt9OPkeSSdT/0, createdBy=8fd71930726, createdName=半夏微凉, createdTime=Tue Jan 10 11:40:35 CST 2017, time=2017-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169303, encodeId=a800169303d9, content=天气变化关节痛怎么办?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=2dd71722896, createdName=studylzc, createdTime=Tue Jan 10 11:22:32 CST 2017, time=2017-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-01-10 studylzc

    天气变化关节痛怎么办?

    0

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