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你以为我闲得无聊?其实我在酝酿灵感

2015-04-30 cwhite 果壳网

我们几乎每天都会有感到无聊的时候,我们也恨不得无聊立即消失。我们有多讨厌无聊?从下面这个实验可以窥见一斑:把一组被试关在一个房间里,里面除了一个按钮什么也没有,按下去会给自己来一记不大不小的电击。很多人最终都忍不住给了自己一下子。毕竟,这是可以消除无聊的唯一方法。无聊,不“无聊”如果你告诉别人你在研究无聊,大家多半会说:啊!你这么无聊啊!他们可能觉得无聊没有什么好研究的。然而事实远非如此,无聊对我

我们几乎每天都会有感到无聊的时候,我们也恨不得无聊立即消失。我们有多讨厌无聊?从下面这个实验可以窥见一斑:把一组被试关在一个房间里,里面除了一个按钮什么也没有,按下去会给自己来一记不大不小的电击。很多人最终都忍不住给了自己一下子。毕竟,这是可以消除无聊的唯一方法。

无聊,不“无聊”

如果你告诉别人你在研究无聊,大家多半会说:啊!你这么无聊啊!他们可能觉得无聊没有什么好研究的。然而事实远非如此,无聊对我们生活影响太大了。无聊对工作的消极影响包括导致糟糕的工作绩效,工人旷工并产生与压力相关的健康问题,以及较低的工作满意度等。此外,无聊还和学业成绩下降以及较低的学校满意度有关。另据一项英国政府针对中年公务员生活状况的调查研究显示,感到特别无聊的人在接下来3年内的死亡率比其他人要高出近40%。


想打发断网时的无聊时光?还好chrome为我们准备了“小短手”闯关游戏。图片来源:twitter.com

不过,无聊真的只会让我们生厌吗? 英国中央兰开夏大学(University of Central Lancashire)的桑迪·曼恩(Sandi Mann)教授也许会说服你接受无聊。曼恩的研究关注于无聊对于我们生活的深远影响。目前为止,她是为数不多研究无聊这一领域的心理学家,她将无聊称为“心理学的灰姑娘”(the Cinderella of psychology)。让被试在她的实验室中变得无聊是曼恩的拿手好戏,她会让被试长时间抄写冗长的电话号码簿,或者干脆让被试朗读这些枯燥无聊的数字。曼恩2014年发表于《创造力研究期刊》(Creativity Research Journal)上的一篇研究,向我们展示了无聊鲜为人知的另一面——无聊能提高创造力。

无聊时更有创造力

已有研究表明,白日梦通常是无聊的副产品。白日梦(daydreaming)是人在清醒时,注意力由外部转向内部产生的,是一种思维漫游的状态,它能够将不相关的事实或想法联系起来。曼恩想要检验,无聊中常伴随的白日梦,能否提高人们的创造力。

在实验中,无聊组需要将电话簿中的电话号码读出来。完成后他们需要对这项任务的无聊程度进行评级——从1-5级,1为不无聊,5为太无聊了,评级低于4的被试会被去掉,以保证剩下的被试都感到这项任务很无聊。此外,剩下的被试还需要报告他们在读号码的过程中是否产生了白日梦。只有那些有过白日梦的被试能够进行接下来的创造力测试。

创造力测试的内容包括设想一件东西(比如塑料杯)的不同用途,为虚构的故事续写结尾,以及远程联想测试(例如给被试3个不相关的词汇:食物-屋-热。然后要求被试给出一个与3个词汇都有关联的新词,比如如“狗”,因为狗可以和之前的3个词组成“狗食”、“狗屋”和“热狗”)。结果发现,无聊组的被试要比控制组在创造力测试上得分更高。

无聊,思维漫游

另外一项研究发现,人在迷迷糊糊时更有创造力。其实不论人在无聊时还是迷迷糊糊时,大脑的抑制过程都处于最微弱的状态,思维便可以无拘束地到处漫游,而这种不受限制的思维活动就给创造性思维提供了条件。


挪威有一档电视节目,播放的内容非常简单,就是壁炉中熊熊燃烧的火焰。看这个节目不知道会不会帮助你激发出灵感。图片来源:youtube.com

无聊的这种效应还可能具有进化意义。德克萨斯州农工大学的进化心理学家海瑟·林奇(Heather Lench)认为,情绪一般对人类都会有益处[4]。例如,焦虑会使个体采取行动避免威胁,恶心会防止我们吃下腐坏有毒的食物。而无聊这种频繁出现的日常情绪或许也会有相应的功能——促使人们追求新的目标和体验以寻求改变,及时从当前失去益处的目标里抽身。这或许有助于解释为何无聊可以提高创造力。

看到这里,你是不是没有那么讨厌无聊了?或许当你思考方案计划,正感到焦头烂额时,不妨先放下手头的工作,让自己“无聊”一阵子,比如说对着电脑桌面发一下呆,让自己沉浸于白日梦中,说不定接下来你就会灵光乍现了。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1744308, encodeId=eda01e4430847, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f03c5912239' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#无聊#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59122, encryptionId=f03c5912239, topicName=无聊)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=df9035322715, createdName=gao_jian4229, createdTime=Mon May 04 19:43:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22458, encodeId=b8642245899, content=生活的乐趣在于思考, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=168, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Sat May 02 22:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22368, encodeId=c418223683b, content=好无聊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=141, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=2014lb3, createdTime=Fri May 01 12:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22350, encodeId=50c622350ee, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=36a81612921, createdName=xiaoai5777, createdTime=Thu Apr 30 23:04:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=22344, encodeId=fe0f22344cf, content=不评价, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=142, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96871613250, createdName=medcardio, createdTime=Thu Apr 30 22:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-05-02 huaxipanxing

    生活的乐趣在于思考

    0

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    2015-05-01 2014lb3

    好无聊

    0

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    2015-04-30 xiaoai5777

    好文章

    0

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    2015-04-30 medcardio

    不评价

    0

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心理学研究解读人为什么会无聊

无聊感虽不是心理问题,但也被认为是一种影响身心健康的压力源。美国《心理科学视角》杂志2012年9月刊文指出了无聊感的来源。 加拿大约克大学的心理学家约翰·伊斯特伍德总结心理科学领域内的研究后,对无聊感下了一个定义:无聊是一种令人反感的需求状态,使当事者不能全身心投入到社会活动当中。具体来说,人们在以下三种情况下会感到无聊。 一是难以集中精力去感受内心的想法、心情,或者外部的环境刺激;二是很难集

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