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为什么胚胎时期人类就形成生殖细胞,而珊瑚、植物却不这样?| Plos Biology

2016-12-26 生物探索 生物探索

导读 人类生殖细胞(配子)会在胚胎时期就形成。但是珊瑚、海绵等极简单动物和植物却不会提前做好这种准备。为什么植物和动物生殖细胞的形成模式会存在差异呢?来自于伦敦大学学院的科研团队认为,截然不同的背后与线粒体基因组突变有关。无论人类还是其他多数动物,生殖细胞在生命之初就已经被规划好了。胚胎时期,生殖细胞就已经开始形成,它们将发育成精子或者卵细胞。其中,女性卵巢在其出生时就已经保存有未成熟的卵细胞(数

导读 人类生殖细胞(配子)会在胚胎时期就形成。但是珊瑚、海绵等极简单动物和植物却不会提前做好这种准备。为什么植物和动物生殖细胞的形成模式会存在差异呢?来自于伦敦大学学院的科研团队认为,截然不同的背后与线粒体基因组突变有关。



无论人类还是其他多数动物,生殖细胞在生命之初就已经被规划好了。胚胎时期,生殖细胞就已经开始形成,它们将发育成精子或者卵细胞。其中,女性卵巢在其出生时就已经保存有未成熟的卵细胞(数量固定),成年后在性激素的影响下,每月只有一个卵细胞会发育成熟。而男性有所不同的是青春期后其生殖组织会不断产生精子。

但是,珊瑚、海绵动物以及植物却没有这样的计划:最初它们仅仅规划躯体(营养器官)的生长,每个细胞都含有完整的染色体。时机成熟后,它们才开始生成生殖细胞(配子),并以各自的方式完成繁殖。

为什么动物和植物生殖细胞的形成方式会截然不同呢?伦敦大学学院的生物化学家Nick Lane带领团队《Plos Biology》期刊发表一篇文章给出了一种解释:这主要与避免生殖细胞线粒体基因组突变有关。

突变的窘境

线粒体是细胞能量代谢的枢纽,同时又拥有自己的遗传物质和遗传体系。Lane表示,高等动物在胚胎时期就形成生殖细胞系,有利于维持线粒体基因组的稳定性。

他们认为,如果人类及其他高等动物在形成配子之前,其成体细胞经过重复的分裂,那么它们的线粒体基因可能会出现错误,从而使得一些配子可能会携带累积的线粒体突变,最终易导致后代生病或者畸形。所以,在胚胎期就形成所有的卵细胞会避免突变累积。

其实,“保护”卵细胞线粒体DNA避免错误的观点早在2013年就已经被提出。但是,这一论点面临一个问题:并不是所有的突变都是有害的。突变推动进化,它能够促使更优化的线粒体基因形成。配子由成体细胞经过多次分裂形成,可能会累积有用的突变。进化能够维持“好”的突变、消除“坏”的突变,最终改善线粒体质量。

胚胎时期拥有生殖细胞系的优缺点处于一个微妙的平衡中。那么,配子如何在获得足够的有利突变的前提下,避免有害突变的累积呢?

进化的赌博

Lane团队设计出一种模型,能够为“为什么不同的物种采取不同的生殖方式”提供合理的解释。

对于相对复杂的动物而言,线粒体基因复制的出错率相对较高。在这种情况下,最好的解决方案是在形成卵母细胞之前降低细胞分裂的次数,且给予比最终所需更多的生殖细胞。所以,女性出生前其卵巢中已有数百万个卵母细胞形成,经过儿童期、青春期,到成年只剩10万多个卵母细胞。这种剔除的过程是对突变的随机筛选过程。

这一过程称为“atresia”,虽然存在于多数物种中(包括人类),但是它的功能却一直未有定论。同样的突变也会在精细胞中累积,但是它并不会影响下一代,因为受精过程中精子的线粒体会被遗弃。

对于植物和极简单动物而言,线粒体基因复制出现错误的概率很低。所以它并不需要避免线粒体基因突变,配子可以在营养器官生长后形成。这种模式可以受益于基因突变。

但是,为什么会出现线粒体基因突变概率的差异?这依然是一个谜。科学家们推测,可能与动物进化史有关,对氧气需求的依赖意味着细胞需要储存更多的线粒体,从而增加了线粒体基因组复制的错误率。

验证这一理论很困难

伯明翰大学的生物数学家Iain Johnston评价这一最新研究成果时表示:“它的观点合理且令人深思。”但是,Johnston强调,即便是同一物种,线粒体DNA复制出现错误的概率也不毒攻,它还受选择压力的影响。

Lane表示,他们对有性生殖的差异提供了解释,但是验证这一推论却不容易,因为没有试验能够模拟出如此久远而物种广泛的进化史。然而Johnston却认为,这一理论在一定程度上可以检测,至少可以证明真伪。Lane解释说:“或许我们可以借助模型预测atresia和配子线粒体基因组突变之间的关联性,并于实际的物种数据进行比对。”

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    2017-11-21 xuyong535
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    2017-02-25 sunylz
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    2016-12-28 ailian1202
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